DERIVATIONS OF NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 49 
8. Sahdogan, from sake, nail probably, and hdogay, possessive of yugan, 
to open ; but perhaps it is ogay or oge, to cover, to wear; the nail covers 
itself. ‘Two fingers now cover the thumb.’ 
9. Napéiywanka, from nape, hand, ¢cistinna, small, and wanka, lies— 
hand-small-lies ; that is, the remainder of the hand is very small, or perhaps, 
the hand now lies in a small compass. 
Eli Abraham explains ‘napciywayka’ as from napéupe. All fingers are napcupe, 
in the original sense; that is they are marrow bones of the hand. Now this finger of 
the second hand lies down alone. Two fingers have covered the thumb and this has 
to take a bed by itself. Rather the finger lies in the napCéoka, inside of the hand. 
10. Wikéemna, from wikée or ikée, common, and nmayay, gathering, or 
from mna, to rip, that is let loose. It would then mean either that the com- 
mon or first gathering of the hands was completed, or that being completed, 
the whole are loosed, and the ten thrown up, as is their custom; the hands 
in the common position. 
100. Opawinge, from pawinga, to bend down with the hand, the pre- 
fixed ‘o’ indicating perfectness or roundedness ; that is, the process has 
been gone over as many times as there are fingers and thumbs. 
1000. Kektopawinge or koktopawinge, from opawinge and ake or 
kokta, meaning again or also. This would indicate that the Iwalred had 
been counted over as many times as there are hand digits.” 
§ 81. Numeral adjectives by reduplicating a syllable express the idea 
of two and two or by twos, three and three or by threes, ete.; as, nomnoynpa, by 
twos; yamnimni, by threes; toptopa, by fours, ete. 
(1) Waynzikzi, the reduplicate of wa1zi, properly means by ones, but is used to 
signity a few. 
(2) Noypa and topa are often contracted into nom and tom, and are generally 
reduplicated in this form; as, nomnom, by tivos; tomtom, by fours. 
(5) Yamni, zaptay, Sakowiy, and wikcemna, reduplicate the last syllable; as, 
yamnimni, zaptayptay, Sakowinwiy, and wikéemnamna., The same is true of opawinse 
and kektopawinge; as, opawingece, by hundreds. 
(4) Nap¢inwanka and Sahdogay reduplicate a middle syllable, as napéinwang- 
wayka, by nines, Sahdohdogan, by eights. 
§ 82. Wanéa, noypa, yamni, ete., are also used for once, twice, thrice, 
etc. Nonpa noypa heéen topa, twice two so fowr, that is, tevice two are four. 
} ; ; i 
'The author gives, in the Dictionary, ofan and o&e, clothes, covering, a sheath; but not as a 
verb.— J. O. D. 
*Can there be a satisfactory analysis of the Dakota numerals without a full. comparison with 
those of the cognate languages of the Siouan family? I think not.—J. O. D. 
7105—VOL Ix 4 


