a0 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
And ‘akihde’ is sometimes used for this purpose: as, noypa akihde nonpa, 
two times two. 
§ 83. 1. ‘ Dan’ or ‘na,’ suffixed to numeral adjectives, is restrictive; as, 
yamni, three, yamnina, only three; zaptan, five. zaptanna, only five. 
2. With monosyllabic words ‘na’ is doubled; as, nom, feo, nomnana, 
only two; tom, four, tomnana, only four; huyh, a part, hunhnana, only a part. 
Ordinals. 
§ 84. 1. The ordinal numbers, after tokaheya, first, are formed from 
cardinals by prefixing ‘i,’ ‘ii,’ and ‘ widi;’ as, Inonpa, iGinonpa, and widi- 
nonpa, second; iyamni, iGiyamni, and wi¢iyamni, third; itopa, iGitopa, and 
widitopa, fourth: iwikéemna, tenth, ete. 
2. In like manner we have iake wayzi, eleventh; iake nonpa, twelfth ; 
iake yamni, thirteenth, ete.; iwikéemna noypa, twentieth; iopawinge, one 
hundredth, ete. 
§ 85. When several numbers are used together, the last only has the 
ordinal form; as, wikéemna nonpa sanpa lyamni, twenty-third; opawinge 
sanpa iake nonpa, one hundred and twelfth. 
ADVERBS. 
§ 86. There are some adverbs, in very common use, whose derivation 
from other parts of speech is not now apparent, and which may therefore 
be considered as primitives; as, eéa, when; kuya and kun, under, below; 
kitayna, @ little, not much; nina and hinéa, very; ohinni, always; sanpa, 
more; tankan, without, out of doors; wanna, now, ete? 
§ 87. But adverbs in Dakota are, for the most part, derived from de- 
monstrative pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs ; and in some instances 
from other parts of speech. 
1. Adverbs are formed from demonstrative pronouns, by adding ‘han’ and 
‘han,’ ‘ken’ and ‘ éen,’ ‘ ketu’ and ‘éetu,’ ‘en,’ ‘ki’ and ‘kiya,’ ‘4’ and ‘¢iya.’ 
(a) By adding ‘han’ and ‘ han;:’ as, de, this, dehan, here, now ; he, that; 
hehan, there, ‘then; ka, that, kahan and kahan, then, there, so far. The forms 
dehay and hehay are used with a slight difference of signification from 
dehan and hehan; the first indicating place and the latter time 
(b) By adding ‘ken’ and ‘éen;’ as, kaken, in this manner; eéa, when: 
eéaken, whenever, always; deéen, thus; heéen, in that way. 

‘A. L. Riggs suggests that e¢a has the force of when only by position, and that eéa and eée, éa 
and ¢e are frequentative particles, akin, in radical meaning, and perhaps in origin, to ‘ake,’ again. 
*In the cognate languages, time words and space words are not fully differentiated. Thus in 
Cegiha, ata" A, how long? how far? when?—J.O.D. 

