iy DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
6. Adverbs are derived from prepositions. 
(a) By adding ‘tu’ or ‘tuya;’ as, mahen, #7 or within, mahentu or 
mahetu and mahetuya, deardly. 
(b) By adding ‘ wapa;’ as, ako, beyond, akowapa, onward; mahen, in, 
mahenwapa, imwardly. 
PREPOSITIONS. 
§ 88. (a) What are named prepositions in other languages are in 
Dakota properly post-positions, as they follow the nouns which they govern. 
(See § 186.) (6) Prepositions may be divided into separate and incorporated. 
SEPARATE PREPOSITIONS. 
§ 89. The separate prepositions in Dakota follow the nouns which they 
govern; as, Gay akan nawazin (wood upon I-stand), I stand upon wood; he 
maza on kagapi (that iron of is-made), that is made of iron. The following 
are the principal separate prepositions, viz: 
ahna, with etkiya, towards om, with them 
akan, on or upon etu, at on, of or from, with, for 
ako, beyond kahda, by, near to opta, through 
ehna, amongst kiGi, with him, her, or it sanpa, beyond 
ekta, at, to mahen, within tanhay, from 
en, in ohna, 7 yata, at. 
etanhay, from ohomni, around 
Some of these are quite as often used as adverbs as prepositions. 
INCORPORATED PREPOSITIONS, OR PREPOSITIONAL PARTICLES. 
§ 90. These are suftixed>to nouns, prefixed to or inserted into verbs, 
and prefixed to adverbs, ete. 
§ 91. The prepositions suffixed to nouns are ‘ta,’ and ‘ata’ or ‘yata,’ 
at or on; as, tinta, prairie, tiytata, at or on the prairie; maga, a field, magata, 
at the field; Gay, wood or woods, Ganyata, at the woods. The preposition en, 
in, contracted, is suffixed to a few nouns; as, ti, @ house, tin, in the house. 
These formations may also be regarded as adverbs; as, le, @ hill or ridge, 
heyata, at the hill or back from. 
T. L. Riggs suggests that this class of words should be denominated prepo- 
sitional nouns or adverbial nouns. 
) 92. The prepositions ‘a,’ ‘e,’ ‘i,’ ‘0,’ instead of being suffixed to the 
noun, are prefixed to the verb. 
1. (a) The preposition ‘a,’ on or upon, is probably a contraction of 
