56 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
(c) Verbs formed from verbal roots and adjectives by prefixing ‘ba,’ 
‘bo, and ‘na,’ take the pronouns after the prefix; as, baksa, to cut off with 
a knife, bawaksa, 1 cut off; boksa, to shoot off, as a limb, boyaksa, thou 
shootest off; naksa, to break off with the foot, nawaksa, I break off with the foot. 
(@) Other verbs whose initial letter is ‘é, ‘s, ‘m,’ or ‘n,’ have the 
pronouns inserted after the first syllable; as, Gapa, fo stab, Gawapa, I stab ; 
mani, fo walk, mawani, [ walk, Palita, to bind or tie, also inserts the pro- 
nouns after the first syllable. 
(¢) Verbs that insert or prefix the prepositions ‘ki’ and ‘kiéi,’ take the 
pronouns immediately before the prepositions. (See § 40. 5. a. b.) 
(/) Active verbs formed from other verbs, adjectives, or nouns, by 
adding the causative ‘kiva’ or ‘ya,’ take the pronouns immediately before 
the causative; as, wayyagkiya, fo cause to see, wayyagmakiya, he causes me 
to see; samkiya, to blacken, samwakiya, I blacken; Gaytekiya, to love, Gayte- 
wakiya, J love any one. 
(g) The compound personal and reflexive pronouns (§ 24) occupy the 
same place in verbs as do the ordinary incorporated pronouns; as, waste- 
daka, to love, wastewadaka, J love anything, wastemi¢idaka, I love myself. 
2. POSITION IN ADJECTIVES. 
§ 99. 1. (a) The pronouns are prefixed to what may be called adjective 
verbs and adjectives; as, yazay, to be sick; tayéay mayazay, (body me-sick) 
my body is sick; waste, good, niwaste, (thee-good ) thou art good. 
(b) The pronouns ‘ma,’ ‘ 
numerals; as, mawayziday, J am one; ninoypapi, you are two; wyyamnipi, 
ni,’ and ‘un’ are prefixed to the simple 
we are three. 
2. (a) But if the adjective verb has assumed the absolute form by pre- 
fixing ‘ wa,’ or if it commences with a vowel, the pronouns are inserted; as, 
wayazaka, to be sick, wamayazayka, Tam sick; asni, to get well, amasni, I 
have recovered. 
(b) Waonsida and waéaytkiya, and perhaps some others, which we are 
accustomed to call adjectives, insert the pronouns; as, waonsiwada, J am 
merciful. 
3. POSITION IN NOUNS. 
) 100. 1. (a) ‘The possessive pronouns are always prefixed to the noun, 
(See §§ 21, 22, and 23.) 
(b) When a noun and pronoun are joined together, with the substan- 
tive verb understood, the incorporated pronoun is prefixed to some nouns 
