SYNTAX —PRONOUNS. 29 
Omission of Pronouns. 
§ 106. The third person, being the form of expression which most 
commonly occurs, is seldom distinguished by the use of pronouns. 
1. (a) There is no incorporated or article pronoun of the third person, 
either singular or plural, except ‘ wiéa’ and ‘ta.’ (See §¥ 18. 6, 19. 4, 23. 1.) 
(b) The separate pronoun ‘ive’ of the third person, and its plural 
‘iyepi,’ are frequently used in the subjective and sometimes in the objective 
case, 
2. But ordinarily, and always except in the above cases, no pronoun 
of the third person is used in Dakota; as, Siyo wan kute ka o (grouse a 
shot and killed), he shot a grouse and killed it ; Suktayka kin yuzapi ka kaska 
hdepi (horse the caught and tied placed), they caught the horse and tied him. 
Repetition of Pronouns. 
§ 107. 1. In the case of verbs connected by conjunctions, the incor- 
porated subjective pronouns of the first and second persons must be 
repeated, as in other languages, in each verb; as, wahi, ka wanmdake, éa 
ohiwaya, I came, and I saw, and I conquered. 
2. (a) ‘ Wiéa’ and other objective incorporated pronouns follow the 
same rule; as, tatanka kin waywiGamdake Ga wiéawakte (buffalo the, them- 
I-saw, and them-I-killed), I saw the buffalo and killed them. 
(b) So, too, in adjective verbs; as, oynisike ¢a nisilitin (thee-poor and 
thee-feeble), thou art poor and feeble. 
3. Two or more nouns connected by conjunctions require the posses- 
sive pronoun to be used with each; as, nitasuyke ka nitamazakay, thy-dog 
and thy-qun. 
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
§ 108. Demonstrative pronouns may generally be used in Dakota 
wherever they would be required in English. 
1. When a demonstrative pronoun forms with a noun, pronoun, adjec- 
tive, or verb a proposition of which it is the subject or object, it is placed 
first; as, hena tatankapi, those are oxen; de miye, this is I ; dena wasteste, 
these are good ; he mayaku (that me-thou-gavest), thow gavest me that. 
2. But when used as a qualificative of a noun, or noun and adjective, 
it is placed last; as, wiéasta kin hena (man the those), those men ; wicasta 
waste kin dena (man good the these), these good men. i; 
§ 109. The demonstrative pronouns ‘he’ and ‘hena’ are often used 
where personal pronouns would be in English ; as, ate umasi kin he wiéa- 
