VERBS: INFINITIVE—SUBJUNCTIVE. 65 

Infinitive. 
§ 132. 1. Verbs in the infinitive mode immediately precede those by 
which they are governed; as, éan kakse yahi (iwvod to-cut thou-hast-come), 
thou hast come to cut wood; he eéoy Gisipi, I told you to do that. 
2. The use of the infinitive mode in Dakota is limited, the finite verb 
being often used where the infinitive would be in English; as, mda wac¢in 
(I-go I-desire), I desire to go. 
3. The infinitive mode can not be used as a noun, as it sometimes is 
in English; that is, it can not have anything predicated of it, as in the 
phrases, “‘to see the sun is pleasant,” “to walk is fatiguing.” In such cases 
verbal nouns or gerunds are used; as, wi wayyakapi kiy he oiyokipi (sun 
seeing the that pleasant), the seeing of the sun is pleasant. 
Subjunctive. 
§ 133. What may be called the subjunctive mode is formed by the aid 
of conjunctions which follow the verb. (See § 42.) 
1. (a) Kinhay and its derivatives, Ginhay, kinahay, and Ginahay, usually 
refer to future time, future events only being considered as uncertain and 
contingent; as, yahi kinhay mde kta, if thou come, I will go. 
But ‘kinhay’ does not always render the sense subjunctive, it being sometimes 
used as an adverb of time, especially when preceded by tohan; as, tohan yahi kinhan 
mde kta, when thou comest, I will go. 
(b) When anything past is spoken of as uncertain, ‘ he¢iyhay’ is com- 
monly used; as, heéanor heéijhay eéen ohdaka wo, 7f thow didst that, con- 
fess tt. 
2. The conjunctions esta, Sta, keyas, and kes, signifying though, al- 
though, are also used to form the subjunctive mood; as, o¢idiyaka esta 
wiéayada Sni, although I tell thee, thou dost not believe; li keyas kiéi mde kte 
Sni, though he come, I will not go with him; amapa kes en ewaéaymi sui, 
though he struck me, I paid no attention to it. 
3. Unkans, if, usually relates to past time or to something already 
known, and is used to state what would have been the case if the thing 
mentioned had been different from what it is. It is usually followed by 
tuka, but; as, miyediéazuzu unkans Gi¢u kta tuka (me-thou-hadst-paid if, 
F-thee-give would but), if thou hadst paid me, I would have given it to thee; 
guktanka mduha uyjkans mde kta tuka (horse I-had if, I-go would but), if I 
had a horse T would qo. 
7T105—VOL Ix 5) 

