68 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
7. When two verbs in the future tense are connected by a conjunc- 
tion, the first may be either with or without the sign; as, nihinni¢iyapi kta 
ka yaéeyapi kta, or mhiyni¢iyapi ka yaéeyapi kta, you will be troubled and 
weep. 
§ 142. ‘Nuy’ or ‘nov’ is sometimes used instead of ‘kta,’ as the sign of 
the future tense, in interrogative sentences, and also when something future 
is spoken of as uncertain; as, mda nuy he, shall I go? token eéoynpi nuy 
tanin Sni, they knew not what they should do. 
§ 143. Before the verbs ‘eéin’ and ‘epéa,’ ‘ke’ sometimes marks the 
future tense of the first person; as, mda ke epéa, I will go, thought I. 
§ 144. In interrogative sentences ‘hin’ is sometimes used for ‘kta he,’ 
denoting the future tense; as, wau hin, shall I come? 
AUXILIARY VERBS. 
§ 145. There are several verbs which are used with others as auxil- 
iaries; such as, ‘iyeya,’ ‘kiya,’ and ‘ya’ or ‘yan.’ 
§ 146. 1. ‘tyeya, when used with other verbs, expresses the additional 
ideas of completion and suddenness ; as, yustay ive va, he made a finish of it; 
kaksa iyeya, he cut it aff suddenly. In this way ‘iyeya’ is often used to 
give force and animation to the style. 
2. Verbs used with ‘iyeya,’ if capable of contraction, are contracted; 
as, kaptuza, to split, kaptus iyveya, he split it open. 
3. ‘Lyeya’ is often used with prepositions and adverbs, sometimes with 
and sometimes without their taking the verbal prefixes; as, pamahen iyeya, 
to push into; yuhukun iyeya, to put down; olhna iyeya and mahen iyeya, to 
put into anything. 
§ 147. ‘Kiya’ is used with verbs as a causative suffix; as, e¢éonkiya, to 
cause to do; kalikiva, to cause to make; nazinkiya, to cause to stand. The 
pronouns are inserted before the causative. 
§ 148. ‘Ya’ or ‘yay’ is a suffix which occurs so frequently, and whose 
use is sometimes so different from that of any English verb, that it demands 
a special notice. 
1. (a) It is used as a causative suffix; as, eGonya, to cause to do; maniya, 
to cause to walk. In this case it always has a noun or pronoun for its object 
expressed or understood; as, mani mayayapi, you cause me to walk. 
(b) ‘Ya’ used with adjectives makes of them active verbs; as, Saya, to 
dye or paint red ; samya, to blacken. 
2. (a) It is used with words denoting relationship, where in English 
we should employ a possessive pronoun, and seems to have the force of to 
