VERBS OF REPETITION. 69 
have, or have for; as, he atewaya (that father-I-have), that is my father ; 
Ateunyanpi malipiya ekta nanke ¢in (father-we-have heaven in thou-art the), 
our Father who art in heaven. 
(b) ‘Ya’ with nouns shows what use a thing is put to; as, de isanwaya, 
this I have for a knife; he tiyopayaya, that thou usest for a door. 
3. When the pronouns ‘ma,’ ‘ni,’ and ‘uy’ are used without the pro- 
noun ‘ya’ following, ‘ya’ becomes ‘yan;’ as, atemayan, he has me for father ; 
ateunyanpi, owr father. But when ‘ya,’ thow or you, follows, the vowel is 
not nasalized; as, atemayaya, thou hast me for father; ateunyayapi, you call 
us father. 
VERBS OF REPETITION. 
Reduplicated Verbs. 
§ 149. 1. The reduplication of a syllable in Dakota verbs is very com- 
mon. In intransitive verbs it simply indicates a repetition of the action; as, 
ipsiéa, to jump, ipsipsi¢a, to hop or jump repeatedly; iha, to laugh, ihalia, to 
laugh often. In transitive verbs it either indicates that the action is repeated 
on the same object, or that it is performed upon several objects; as, yalitaka, 
to bite, yalitalitaka, to bite often; baksa, to cut a stick in two; baksaksa, to cut 
a stick in two often, or to cut several sticks in two. Verbs of one syllable are 
rarely reduplicated. 
2. There are some verbs whose meaning almost necessarily implies a 
repetition of the action and which therefore are generally used in their re- 
duplicated form; as, yuhuhuza, to shake; panini, to jog;. kapsinpsinta, to 
whip; yusinsin, to tickle; nasuysun, to struggle, ete. 
3. Verbs signifying to be are repeated to denote continuance; as, den 
manka manke, I continue to stay here; hen dukay dukanpi, you reside there. 
§ 150. The use of a reduplicated form of a verb in its proper place is 
very important. It isas much a violation of the rules of the Dakota lan- 
guage to use a simple for the reduplicated form as to use the singular for 
the plural number. 
Verbs with the Suffives ‘s’a’ and ‘ka,’ 
§ 151. ‘S’a’ is suffixed to verbs to denote frequency of action or habit; 
as, yahi s’a, thou comest often; iyatoysni s’a, thow dost tell lies habitually, i. e., 
thou art a liar; wamanoy s’a, one who steals often, i. e., a thief. 
§ 152. ‘Ka’ has sometimes the same signification with ‘s’a;’ as, waoka, 
a good hunter. But sometimes it does not produce any perceptible ditfer- 
ence in the meaning of the verb; as, wasteda and wastedaka, to love any- 
thing. 
