70 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY, 
§ 153. When the verb, to which ‘ka’ or ‘s’a’ is suffixed, takes the plu- 
ral form, the suffix usually follows the plural termination; as, waopika, 
marksmen; eGoypi sia, doers. But in the verb ‘da,’ to esteem, ‘ka’ may 
either precede or follow the plural termination; as, wastedakapi and waste- 
dapika. 
SUBSTANTIVE VERBS, 
§ 154. The verbs ‘uy,’ ‘oujyay,’ ‘yanka,’ ‘yukan,’ and ‘hiveya,’ all 
signify fo be, but when used, they are accompanied by other verbs, adverbs, 
participles, or prepositions, descriptive of the place or manner of being; as, 
mani wauy, J am walking; ti mahen manka, £ am in the house; hédiya 
yakonpi, they are there; en mauy, it is in me. 
§ 155. The verb ‘e’ or ‘ee’ occurs without a word descriptive of the 
mode or place of existence; but it is confined to the third person, and is 
used rather to declare the identity than the existence of a thing. This verb 
combines with the pronouns, as, ‘hee,’ ‘dee,’ ete. ‘Yukan’ is used to de- 
clare that there is, and waniéa, that there is none; as, Wakantayka yukan, 
there is a God; Wakaytayka waniéa, there is no God. 
§ 156. The bringing of two words together in the Dakota language 
answers all the purposes of such a copula as our substantive verb; as, 
Wakantayka waste (God good), God is good; wi kin kata (sun the hot), the 
sun is hot; de miye (this 1), this is IT; hena inyan (those stones), those are 
stones; Danikota (Dakota-thou), thou art a Dakota. 
) 157. From these examples it appears that there is no real necessity 
for such a connecting link between words; and accordingly we do not find 
any single verb in the Dakota language which simply predicates being. 
The Dakotas can not say abstractly, J am, thou art, he is; but they can ex- 
press all the modes and places of existence. And the verb of existence is 
understood in pronouns, nouns, and adjectives.’ 
PARTICIPLES. 
Active. 
) 158. 1. Active participles follow the nouns and precede the verbs 
with which they are used; as, mazakay hduha yahi (gun having thou-come), 
thou hast come having thy gun. 
'A. L. Riggs makes the following classification of substantive verbs: 
1. Of being or existence, as un, yukan, yanka, ete. 
2. Of condition; with participles and adverbs of manner; as, ni un, living is; taynyan yayka, 
(well is), is comfortable : 
3. Of place ; with prepositions and adverbs of place; as, akan un, is on ; timahen yanka, within is. 
1. Of identily ; e or ee, with the forms hee, dee. See § 155. 
5. Of classification; heéa, is such, as, hoksidan waste heéa, he is a good boy; he sunktokeéa 
heéa, that is a wolf. 
