PARTICIPLES—NOUNS. al 
2. The objective pronouns are used with and governed by active par- 
ticiples, in the same way-as by verbs; as, mayuha yukaypi (me-having 
they remain), they still retain me; niyuha vapi kta (thee-having they-go will), 
they will take thee along. 
3. Active participles are used to denote prolonged or continued action; 
as, kiksuya uy, he is remembering; Wakanytayka éekiya uy, he is in the habit 
of praying to God; iahay ié¢unhan, whilst he was speaking. 
4. A few participles are used with the verbs from which they are de- 
rived; as, manihay mani (walking walks), that is, he walks and does not ride; 
nazinhay nazin (standing he stands), he gets up and stands. 
5. Two verbs together may be used as participles without a conjunc- 
tion; as, Geya patus inazin (weeping stooping stands), he stands stooping and 
weeping. 
Passive. 
§ 159. 1. A verb used as a passive participle follows the noun to which 
it relates; as, talinéa kin opi, the deer is shot. 
2. Passive participles are used to make what may be called the passive 
form of the verb; as, ktepi, killed, niktepi kta, thow wilt be killed. 
3. They are sometimes used independently as nouns; as, ktepi kin, 
the slain. 
NOUNS. 
POSITION, 
§ 160. The place of the noun, whether subject or object, is before the 
verb; as, wamnaheza iéaga, corn grows; mini wacin (water I-want), L want 
water. 
Occasionally the subject comes after the verb; as, eya Wakanytanka, said God. 
§ 161. When two nouns are used together, one the subject and the 
other the object of the same verb, the subject is usually placed first (§ 67); 
as, tatanka pezi yutapi (oxen grass eat), oxen eat grass; Dakota Padani kin 
wiéaktepi (Dakota Pawnee the them-killed), the Dakotas killed the Pawnees. 
§ 162. 1. Of two nouns in composition or combination the noun sus- 
taining the relation of possessor always precedes the name of the thing 
possessed. See § 68. 
2. There are cases where two nouns are brought together in which the 

latter may be regarded as in apposition: as, aguyapi wiéoni, bread of life, or 
more properly, the bread that is life.—a. L. RIGGS. 
