76 DAKOTA GRAMMAR, TEXTS, AND ETHNOGRAPHY. 
3. The particle ‘Ge,’ in most cases, indicates the close of a direct quo- 
tation of the words of oneself or of another; as, deGen eéanoy kinhay yani 
kta Ge, Wakaytanka eya Ge, if thou dost thus, thou shalt live, God said. 
4. The free adverbial particle ‘do’ is used for emphasis, at the end 
of a clause or sentence, as, wahi kte do, [will come. It is used generally 
by young men, and not considered necessary by good speakers.’ ‘Ye’ is 
sometimes used in the same way by women and others. 
5. Among the free adverbial particles may be mentioned ‘wo,’ ‘we, 
‘yo’ and ‘ye’ with ‘po,’ ‘pi’ and ‘miye,’ the signs of the imperative; and 
‘kta’ and ‘kte’ signs of the future. These all follow the verb. See §§ 42 
and 43. 
§ 179. In reply to questions which have the negative form, assent to 
the negative proposition contained in the question is expressed by hay, yes, 
and dissent by hiya, no; as, yahi kte sni he; hay, wahi kte sni, thow wilt 
not come, wilt thou? yes, I will not come; yahi kte Sni he; hiya, wahi kta, 
thou wilt not come, wilt thou? no, I will come. If the question be put affirma- 
tively, the answer is the same as in English. 
166 “) 
§ 180. ‘“Pohan’ and ‘kinjhay’ are often used together with the same 
verb, in which case ‘tohan’ precedes the verb and ‘kinhay’ follows it; as, 
tohan yahi kinhay mde kta, when thou comest I will go. 
§ 181. When ‘itokam’ is used in reference to time, it is often preceded 
by the adverb of negation; as, yahi Sni itokam (thou-comest not before), be- 
fore thou comest. 
NEGATIVE. 
§ 182. 1. Negation is expressed by placing after the verb, adjective, 
noun, or pronoun, the adverb ‘sni;’ as, mde gni (J-go not), I did not go; he 
tay) Sni (that wood not), that is not wood. 
2. An emphatic negation is sometimes indicated by ‘kaéa,’ which, how- 
ever, is seldom used except in contradicting what has been previously said; 
as, yao kaéa, thou didst not hit it. 
3. A negative used interregatively often implies permission; as, iyaéu 
Sni to (dost thou not take it?), may signify, thou mayest take it. 
§ 183. 1. In Dakota two negatives make an aflirmative; as, waniéa, 
there is none; waniée sni (there-is-none not), i. e., there is some. 


‘*Do’ in Isanyati and Ihanktoyway, and ‘lo’ in Titonwan, seem to be equivalent to the mascu- 
line oral period hi of the Omaha and Ponka, au of the Kansa, Osage, and Kwapa, ke of the Iowa, ke-i 
of the Oto, sh of the Mandan, ts of the Hidatsa, and k of the Crow. Ha is seldom used by the Ponka, 
but is common among the Omaha,—J. O. D, 

