RAu.i SUPEESTITIONS-CUP-MARKS OX CHURCHES. 87 



Friedel, Mehlis, Schaaff hausen, and Voss being conspicuous among the par- 

 ticipants in the debates. Much of what was said in these meetings bearing 

 on the subject has been brought to the reader's notice, according to 

 original sources ; in addition, however, various communications rehating to 

 the occuri'ence of cup-excavations and furrows on the outside of the walls 

 of churches were made on these occasions. 



It appears that Dr. E. Veckenstedt, a member of the Berlin Anthro- 

 pological Society, first pointed out the existence of these curious marks on 

 a church at Cottbus, in the Province of Brandenburg, Prussia.* They were 

 afterward noticed under similar circumstances at Guben, in the same prov- 

 ince.f Mr. E. Friedel, Director of one of the Berlin museums (Mdrkisches 

 Provimial-MuseiDn), becoming much interested in the subject, succeeded 

 in discovering them on churches in many other places of that province 

 (Spandau, Prenzlau, Angermiinde, Strausberg, Fiirstenwalde and Vetschau). 

 He further found the marks on churches in Pomerania (Greifswald, Stralsund, 

 G-iitzkow, Lassan, Anklam, Wolgast, Sagard, Altenkirchen, Bergen on the 

 Island of Riigen; Gristow, Hanshagen and Neuenkirchen near Greifswald; 

 Morgenitz and Mellenthinon the Island of Usedom; Stettin); and extending 

 his researches be3'ond the boundaries of Germany, he found cup-marks on 

 churches in Sweden (Malmo, Upsala, and Wexio). Mr. Woldt noticed 

 them in Berlin, and, according to Dr. Veckenstedt, they occur in Goslar 

 (Hanover) and Brunswick. Dr. Voss saw them in Baireuth (Bavaria). J Mr. 

 W. Schwartz sent to the Anthropological Society of Berlin a report concern- 

 ing cups on churches in the Province of Posen;§ and Professor Virchow, 

 finally, discovered himself these artificial excavations on the walls of ecclesi- 

 astic buildings in Switzerland (Thun and Berne) and in the valley of the 

 Rhine. II Many additional discoveries of the kind are to be expected. 



The Prussian churches on which these curious markings have been 

 observed, appear to be mostly built of brick, and the excavations, of course, 

 are made in that material. They are usually, though not always, found on 



* Verhandliingen der Berliner Anthropologischen Gcsellschaffc ; Sif ziing vom 19. Jnni 1875, S. 18. 



tlbid.; Sitzuug vom 21. Jiili 1877, S. 23. 



t Ibid. ; Sitzung vom 16. Februar 1878, S. 23. 



5 Ibid., Sitzuug vom 15. November 1879, S. 18. 



II Ibid., Sitzuug vom 18. October 1870, S. 36. 



