EAUi SUMMARY. - • 103 



these races the first sculptui'ings of cups and ring-s are to be referred cannot 

 be positively answered in the present state of archaeological knowledge, p. 

 79_8l. — Mr. Tate ascribes the Northumbrian scidptures to Celts who used 

 metal, probably bronze, in executing them; he offers no definite ^^ew with 

 regard to the meaning of the sculptures, but inclines to the belief that they 

 originated with the Druids, and were connected in different ways with their 

 rites, p. 81-82. — He attempts to explain the meaning of the cup and ring- 

 excavations, but finally admits the difficulty of arriving at a definite result ; 

 he expects success from investigations among the Laps and in the early 

 home of the Aryan family, p. 83-84. — Prof Desor's views; the cups on 

 erratic blocks, he believes, Avere chiefly made for recalling circumstances 

 or events, the explanation of their purport being left to oral tradition; 

 monumental character of the cupped stones, p. 84-8.'i. — Nilsson on the use 

 of cupped aspersoria in Swedish churches formerly devoted to Catholic 

 worship; it is doubtful whether these church vessels were designed to 

 perpetuate the recollection of sacrificial altars, p. 85-86. — Miss Mestorf on 

 Swedish popular superstitions in relation to cupped stones, p. 86. — The 

 cup-stone question discussed by German anthropologists ; cup-excavations 

 and furrows on the walls of churches; first noticed by Dr. E. Veckenstedt 

 in the Province of Brandenburg, Prussia; discovered by Mr. E. Friedel in 

 various cities and towns in Brandenburg, Pomerania, and Sweden ; Mr. 

 Woldt observes them in Berlin; Dr. Veckenstedt in Goslar and Bruns- 

 wick; Dr. Voss in Baireuth ; Mr. W. Schwartz in Posen ; Prof Virchow in 

 Switzerland and in the valley of the Rhine ; different theories as to the 

 origin of cup-marks on churches ; the cups are supposed to possess healing 

 qualities ; they have been found anointed with grease ; German traditions 

 connected with cups and furrows on churches, p. 86-90. — Mr. Rivett- 

 Carnac's discoveries; striking resemblance between the cup and ring- 

 cuttings in India and Great Britain ; more evidences needed for arriv- 

 ing at a definite result ; plausibility of Prof. Desor's Aryan theory ; diffi- 

 culties stiU to be overcome, p. 90-91. — Modern builders of megalithic 

 monuments in India not Aryan ; Miss A. W. Buckland's observations, p. 

 91. — The close connection between cups and rings has not been sufficiently 

 considered ; both appear to belong to o)ie system of primitive sculpture, of 



