MORGAN.| PUEBLO INDIANS OF NEW MEXICO. 135 
recently, the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, under 
Prof. F. V. Hayden, geologist in charge, and also the Geographical and Geo- 
logical Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, Maj. J. W. Powell, geologist 
in charge, have furnished a large amount of additional information concern- 
ing the ruins on the San Juan and its tributaries, the Cliff Houses on the 
Mancos River and elsewhere, and the Moki Pueblos. Valuable as this infor- 
mation is to us, it falls short of a full exposition of these several subjects. 
At the time of Coronado’s expedition to capture the Seven Cities of 
Cibola, so called in the relations of the period, the aborigines of New 
Mexico manufactured earthen vessels of large size and excellent workman- 
ship, wove cotton fabrics with spun thread, cultivated irrigated gardens, 
were armed with the bow, arrow, and shield, wore deer-skins and buffalo 
robes and also cotton mantles as external garments, and had domesticated 
the wild turkey.”* 
“They had hardly provisions enough for themselves,” 
remarks Jaramillo of the Cibolans, “and what they had consisted of maize, 
beans, and squashes.”* What was true of the Cibolans in this respect was 
doubtless true of the Sedentary Indians in general. Each pueblo was an 
independent organization under a council of chiefs, except as several con- 
tiguous pueblos, speaking dialects of the same language, were confederated 
for mutual protection, of which the seven Cibolan pueblos, situated proba- 
bly in the valley of the Rio Chaco, within an extent of twelve miles, afford 
a fair example. The degree of their advancement is more conspicuously 
shown in their house architecture. 
The present Village Indians of New Mexico, or at least some of them, 
still manufacture earthen vessels, and spin and weave cotton fabrics in the 
aboriginal manner, and live in houses of the ancient model. Some of them, 
as the Mokis and Lagunas, are organized in gentes, and governed by a 
council of chiefs, each village being independent and self-governing. They 
observe the same law of hospitality universally practiced by the Northern 
Indians. Upon this subject, Mr. David J Miller, of Santa Fé, writes as 
follows to the author: ‘A visitor to one of their houses is invariably ten- 
1“ We found here Guinea cocks [turkeys], but few. The Indians tell me in all these seven cities 
that they eat them not, but that they keep them only for their feathers. I believe them not, for they 
are excellent good, and greater than those of Mexico.”—Coronado Rel., Hakluyt, iii, 377. 
2Relation of Capt. Juan Jaramillo, Coll. Terneanx-Compans, 1x, 369. 
