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148 HOUSES AND HOUSE-LIFE OF THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES. 
captain, and a lieutenant war captain. 5. Six fiscals or policemen. “The 
cacique,” Mr. Miller says, “has the general control of all officers in the per- 
formance of their duties, transacts the business of the pueblo with the sur- 
rounding whites, Indian agents, etc., and imposes reprimands or severer 
punishments upon delinquents. He is keeper of the archives of the pueblo; 
for example, he has in his keeping the United States patent for the tract of 
four square ieagues on which the pueblo stands, which was based upon the 
Spanish grant of 1689; also deeds of other purchased lands adjoining the 
pueblo. He holds his office for life. At his death, the people elect his sue- 
cessor. The cacique may, before his death, name his successor, but the - 
nomination must be ratified by the people represented by their principal 
men assembled in the estufa.” In this cacique may be recognized the 
sachem of the northern tribes, whose duties were purely of a civil charac- 
ter. Mr. Miller does not define the duties of the governor. They were 
probably judicial, and included an oversight of the property rights of the 
people in their cultivated lands, and in rooms or sections of the pueblo 
houses. ‘The lieutenant-governor,” he remarks, “‘is the sheriff to receive 
and execute orders. The war captain has twelve subordinates under his 
command to police the pueblo, and supervise the public grounds,” such as 
grazing lands, the cemetery, estufas, &c. The lieutenant war captain exe- 
cutes the orders of his principal, and officiates for him during his absence, 
or in case of his disability. The six fiscals are a kind of town police. It 
is their duty to see that the catechism (Catholic) is taught in the pueblo, 
and learned by the children, and generally to keep order and execute the 
municipal regulations of the pueblo under the direction of the governor, 
who is charged with the duty of seeing to their execution.” 
“The regular time for meeting in the estufa is the last day of Decem- 
ber, annually, for the election of officers for the ensuing year. ‘The cacique, 
governor, and principal men nominate candidates, and the election decides. 
There may also be a fourth nomination of candidates, that is, by the people. 
In the election, all adult males vote; the officers first, and then the general 
public. The officers elected are at the present time sworn in by the United 
States Territorial officials.” 
In this simple government we have a fair sample, in substance and in 
