MORGAN.) SIZE OF INDIAN PUEBLOS. 203 
Lower Status of barbarism, and, therefore, do not probably belong to the 
Village Indians who constructed the works in the Scioto Valley. If to those 
first named are added the emblematical earth-works figured and described 
by Lapham,’ and a few other works not known to Squier and Davis, and 
since described by other persons, there are something more than one hun- 
dred works, large and small, indicating the sites of Indian villages, of which 
perhaps three quarters were occupied at the same time.” The conical mounds 
raised over Indian graves, which are numerous, are not included. 
‘A large, perhaps the larger portion of these works,” observe the same 
authors, “‘are regular in outline, the square and circle predominating. * * * 
The regular works are almost invariably erected on level river terraces. 
* * * The square and the circle often occur in combination, frequently 
connecting with each other. * * * Most of the circular works are small, 
varying from two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet in diameter, while 
others are a mile or more in circuit.”* These embankments are, for the 
most part, slight, varying from two feet to six, eight, ten, and twelve feet 
in height, with a broad base, caused by the washing down of the banks in 
the course of centuries. These facts are shown by numerous cross-sections 
furnished with the ground-plans by the authors But the circular embank- 
ments are usually about half as high as the rectangular. 
Some idea of the size of Indian villages, and of their nearness to each 
other, is necessary to form an impression of their plan of life and mode of 
settlement. The illustrations should be drawn trom the Village Indians, 
to which class the Mound-Builders undoubtedly belonged. Not knowing 
the use of wells, they established their settlements on the margins of rivers 
and small streams, which afforded alluvial land for cultivation, and often 
within a few miles of each other. In the valley of the Rio Chaco, in New 
Mexico, there were several pueblos within an extent of twelve miles, each 
consisting of a single joint-tenement house, constructed usually upon three 
sides of a court; and westward of the Chaco Valley were, and still are, the 
seven Moki pueblos, within an extent of twenty-five miles. At the present 
time, in the valley of the Rio Grande, a single pueblo house, accommodating 
‘Smithsonian Cont. to Knowledge, Vol. V. 
2When a calamity befalls an Indian settlement it is usually abandoned, 
3 Smithsonian Cont. to Knowledge, I, pp. 6 and 8, 
