July 6, 1905] 



NA TURE 



of the English Trias, J. Lomas ; extraordinary daily fluctu- 

 ations in a Karroo well, Prof. A. Young ; and other papers 

 on the Karroo or Trias. ]o\nt meeting with Section E 

 (Geography). — The physical geography of Cape Colony, 

 H. C. Schunke-Holloway ; Glacial periods in South Africa, 

 A. W. Rogers; changes of climate, as shown by move- 

 ments of the snow line and upper tree line since Tertiary 

 times. Prof. A. Penck ; physiographical subject. Prof. 

 W. M. Davis; Baviaan's Kloof, a contribution to the 

 theory of mountain folds, E. H. L. Schwarz ; the Storm- 

 berg formation in the Cape Colony, A. L. Du Toit ; on 

 the geology of South Victoria Land, H. T. Ferrar. 

 Johannesburg: President's address; magnetic segregation 

 of sulphide ores, Dr. A. P. Coleman ; marginal phenomena 

 of granite domes. Prof. G. A. J. Cole; relation of the 

 igneous rocks to the crystalline schists, F. P. Mennell ; 

 the indicators of the goldfield of Ballarat, Prof. J. W. 

 Gregory ; petrographical subject. Prof. R. B. Y'oung ; the 

 diamond pipes and fissures of South Africa, H. S. Harger ; 

 recent work of the Transvaal Geological Survey, H. 

 Kynaston ; the Victoria Falls, G. W. Lamplugh ; the 

 great laccolitic intrusions of the Bushveld, Dr. G. A. F. 

 Molengraaff ; evidences in the Transvaal of Glacial con- 

 ditions in permo-Carboniferous times, E. T. Mellor ; geo- 

 logical notes on the excursion to Pretoria, A. L. Hall ; 

 the great West Rand upthrust. Dr. J. T. Carrick ; notes 

 on a sedimentary formation older than the Witwatersrand 

 beds, E. Jorissen ; interesting outlines of the Witwatersrand 

 formation. Dr. J. T. Carrick. 



Section D (Zoology). — Cape To-wn: President's address; 

 the Triassic reptiles of South Africa, with remarks on 

 the origin of mammals. Dr. Broom ; a comparison of the 

 Permian reptiles of Russia with those of South Africa, 

 Prof, .\malit2ky ; South African scorpions. Dr. Purcell ; 

 recent work on gametogenesis and its bearing on theories 

 of heredity, L. Doncaster ; the migration of birds in the 

 southern hemisphere, W. L. Sclater ; the ostrich, A. H. 

 Evans. Johannesburg : Pearl oysters and pearls. Prof. 

 Herdman ; recent discoveries in the South African deep 

 sea. Dr. Gilchrist ; cephalodiscus. Dr. Harmer ; the grow- 

 ing-point in vertebrates. Prof. Cleland ; South African ticks, 

 Drs. Cooper-Foster and Nuttall. 



Section E (Geography). — Cape To-,un : President's 

 address ; afforestation of South Africa ; the unveiling of 

 the coasts of Africa (lantern views of old maps), H. Yule 

 Oldham ; the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom, 

 Colonel Johnston ; a comparison of the periodicity of the 

 meteorological conditions of London and Cape Town, Dr. 

 H. R. Mill ; Gough Island, Rudmose Brown ; terrestrial 

 globes as a necessary adjunct to the teaching of geography. 

 Captain Creak ; excursions as a means of teaching geo- 

 graphy (lantern), J. Lomas. Johannesburg : The evolution 

 of Africa, Dr. J. Scott Keltie ; a new rainfall map of 

 Africa, A. J. Herbertson and P. C. Waite : boundaries and 

 areas in Africa, J. Bolton ; the physical geography of the 

 Transvaal, Tudor Trevor; notes on the geography of 

 Africa south of the Limpopo, F. S. Watermeyer ; the 

 game preserves of the Transvaal, Major Stevenson 

 Hamilton, D.S.O. ; the Sikhim Himalayas and Tibet, 

 Douglas W. Freshfield ; Asiatic subject, Prof. Cordier. 



Section G (Engineering). — Cape Town : Metcalfe on 

 Zambezi Bridge and Rhodesian railways ; ocean turbine 

 boats. Prof. Byles ; roller bearings, wire ropes in mines, 

 and probably automobiles. Johannesburg : President's 

 address (irrigation) ; strength of winding ropes in mines. 

 Prof. Perry. 



Section H (Anthropology). — Cape Town : President's 

 address ; the totemism of the Bantu, E. S. Hartland ; the 

 musical instruments of the natives of South Africa, Hy. 

 Balfour ; American Negroes, Miss Pullen-Burry ; artificial 

 deformation in Africa, Dr. von Luschan. Johannesburg : 

 arts and crafts among the natives of South Africa, Dr. 

 Schoenland ; stone impletnents in South .Africa, Mr. John- 

 stone ; bushman paintings with reproductions. Dr. Squire ; 

 the affinities of the Hottentots, Dr. von Luschan ; the 

 Modjadje, Rev. Reuter ; the Bawenda, Rev. Gottschling ; 

 report on Zimbabwe, Mr. Maclver; the Basuto, H. E. 

 Mabille. 



Section I (Physiology). — Cape Town : Discussion on the 

 effect of climate on health, opened by Sir T. Lauder 

 Brunton (Dr. David Ferrier, Prof. McKendrick, Dr. 



NO. 1862, VOL. 72] 



Gregory, Dr. Jasper Anderson, Prof. Bohr, and Dr. J. A. 

 Mitchell will take part) ; so-called scurvy of South Africa, 

 Dr. Gregory; on plague. Dr. J. A. Mitchell; leprosy in 

 Cape Colony, Dr. A. S. Black; South African drugs, Dr. 

 Moberley ; discussion on horse-sickness and allied diseases, 

 opened by Dr. Edington (Dr. Hutcheon, Mr. du Plessis, 

 Dr. Wm. Robertson, Colonel Bruce, and Prof. Sims Wood- 

 head will take part) ; stock diseases in South Africa, Dr. 

 Hutcheon ; ticks as a means of conveying disease in South 

 Africa, Mr. Lounsbury. Johannesburg : President's address; 

 horse-sickness, Dr. Theiler ; rinderpest. Dr. G. Turner ; 

 a discussion on lung diseases in connection with mining 

 (Dr. Sims Woodhead) is under consideration ; nervous 

 diseases, Prof. Ferrier ; the life-history of coloured 

 labourers in the Transvaal, Dr. D. Macaulay and Dr. 

 Louis Irvine; dysentery. Colonel Cecil Birt. 



Section K (Botany). — Cape Town : The present position 

 of our knowledge of seaweeds. Prof. R. W. Phillips ; the 

 fossil floras of South Africa, A. C. Seward ; educational 

 methods in the teaching of botany, Harold Wager ; notes 

 on irrigation farming on the Orange River, F. B. Parkin- 

 son. Johannesburg : President's address; photography as 

 an aid to oecological research, Prof. F. E. Weiss ; the 

 problems of heredity, R. P. Gregory. It is expected that 

 Prof. Engler, Prof. Pearson, and others will contribute 

 papers. 



Section L (Educational Science). — Ca/)c Town : President's 

 address ; the teaching of science, Prof. H. E. Armstrong ; 

 the teaching of science in South Africa, Dr. Hahn ; rural 

 education, appropriate to colonial life in South Africa, and 

 agriculture, A. D. Hall ; the higher education of women in 

 South Africa, Miss Clark ; disabilities of South African 

 school boys, W. A. Way ; Cape education, its difficulties 

 and development, Rev. W. E. C. Clarke. Johannesburg : 

 Changes in the Dutch language since its introduction into 

 South Africa, Dr. Brill ; education on the veldt, Mr. 

 Corbett ; prospects of secondary schools in the Transvaal, 

 Mr. Hope ; teaching of agriculture, F. B. Smith ; native 

 education, Hobart Houghton ; progress of education in the 

 Transvaal, H. Warre Cornish; education in Rhodesia, 

 G. Duthie ; a school of forestry, T. R. Simms ; the teach- 

 ing of architecture, R. G. Kirkby ; education in the Orange 

 River Colony, Hugh Gunn ; manual instruction in the 

 Transvaal, T. Lowden ; recent improvements in the train- 

 ing of infants, with special reference to South Africa, Miss 

 Welldon ; discussion with Section A, the teaching of 

 elementary mathematics. 



THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY.^ 



THE principles are, notwithstanding the origin of 

 the word, the last things you attain to in the 

 course of scientific investigation ; but they are what 

 you first explain to another who is commencing his 

 study. You may make a further selection of such 

 parts as are for any reason the easiest or most suit- 

 able for him to begin with, and call them the 

 elements. Lyell's classic work has pretty well fixed 

 what shall be the conventional meaning of " The 

 Principles of Geology." They are the laws or ex- 

 planations which we arrive at in respect of the pheno- 

 mena exhibited in the earth's crust from direct observ- 

 ation of those phenomena themselves or of the recent 

 operations of nature which we see producing 

 analogous results. Their value depends upon the 

 opportunities afforded of obtaining evidence and upon 

 the personal faculty of eliminating sources of error. 



In the case of geology, the subject is so vast that 

 its different branches are growing further and further 

 apart, until thev seem to have an intergrowth with 

 the branches from other subjects the original stem 

 of which was far removed from their own. 



From the observation of rock masses inferences 

 have been drawn as to the conditions which prevailed 

 in past times, and theories have been propounded as 



1 " Structural and Field Geology." By Dr. Ja-s. Geikie. Pp. xx + 435. 

 (Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd ; London : Gurney and Jackson, 1905.) 

 Price 12^. 6(/. net. 



