Jan. 20, 1 881] 



NATURE 



27: 



Like the other members of the family Sawaiori is agglu- 

 tinating, but it occupies a very primitive or undeveloped 

 position in that order of speech. Thus it betrays very 

 slight traces of the infix principle, but it possesses as a 

 prefix the same particle ma, which in Cambojan and its 

 Malaysian congeners appears as an infix. In Samoan, 

 for instance, fai = to do, but mafai = to be able ; 

 sdsa'ii = to spill, inasa'a = spilt ; liligi = to pour out, 

 mali^i = to be poured out ; fasi = to split, iiuifasi = to 

 be split off ; fati = to break, mafati = to be easily 

 broken ; /o/a = to spread out, mafola = 

 to be spread out ; gacgae = to shake, 

 iiiagaegae = to be loose ; goto = to sink, 

 magoto = to be sunk or waterlogged, and 

 so on, generally in an intransitive or passive 

 sense. 



But the chief peculiarity of the Sawaiori 

 tongues is their extremely simple phonetic 

 system, comprising no more than fifteen 

 letters (five vowels and ten consonants), with 

 no closed syllables or combinations of two 

 or more consonants without an intervening 

 vowel. Hence the strange forms assumed by 

 English and other European words in the 

 mouths of the natives. When he visited 

 Tahiti in 1769 to observe the transit of Venus, 

 Cook tells us that " after great pains they 

 found it utterly impossible to teach the 

 Indians to pronounce their names. . . . 

 They called Capt. Cook, Toote ; Mr. Hicks, 

 Hete ; Mohneux they renounced in absolute 

 despair, and called the master Boba, from 

 his Christian name Robert ; Mr. Gore was 

 Toarro ; Dr. Solander, Torano ; and Mr. 

 Banks, Tapane ; Mr. Green, Eteree ; Mr. 

 Parkinson Patini ; Mr. Sporing, Polini ; 

 Petersgill, Peterodero ; and in this manner 

 they had now formed names for almost every 

 man in the ship" {First Voyage). 



To resume: in the Indo-Chinese and 

 Oceanic regions we have altogether five dis- 

 tinct types — three dark (Negrito, Papuan, 

 and Austral, with the doubtful Tasmanian), 

 one yellow (Mongolian), and one brown 

 (Caucasian). These, with their various rami- 

 fications and interminglings, give the seven 

 main divisions of our scheme, which may 

 now be expanded and complemented as 

 under. Here, for reasons fully specified, 

 the familiar term " Malayo-Polynesian " dis- 

 appears, and Malay itself sinks to the position 

 of a variety of the Mongolian type. .Al- 

 though grouped with the Oceanic branch of 

 this division, it should be noted that the 

 Malays also occupy most of the peninsula 

 of Malacca. But they seem to be intruders 

 in this region, the true aborigines of which 

 are the Negrito Samangs, and in any case 

 their real home in historic times is the 

 Eastern Archipelago. 



A.— DARK TYPES 

 I. Negrito. — Aetas of the Philippines ; Andamanese 



Islanders ; Samangs of Malacca ; Kalangs of Java : 



Karons of New Guinea. 



II. Papijan. — I. Central Branch : Papiians proper of New 

 Guinea and adjacent islands, Mafor.s, Arfaks, Koiari, 

 Koitapu, Waigiu, Aru, .Salwatty, Mysol, Gebi, &c. 

 2. Eastern Branch : Sub-Papuans East (Melanesians), 

 Admir.illy, Louisiade, New Britain, New Ireland, 

 Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, Loyalty, New 

 Caledonia, Fiji. 3. l-fe tern Branch : Sub-Papuan, 

 West ("Alfuros"); Floris, Ceram, Buru, Timor, 

 Parts of Gilol^, Banda, Kissa, Savu, &c. 

 III. Austral. — Australians, Tasmanians (?). 



B.— CAUCASIAN TYPES (Fair and Brown) 

 Cunti.nental Branch. — Khmer or Cambojan Group : 



Kilmers proper, Khmerdom, Charay, Stieng, Cham, 



Banhar, Xong, Khang-, &c. 



Oceanic Branch.— Indonesian Group : Battas of 

 Sumatra, Dyaks of Borneo and Celebes, some "Al- 

 furos" of Ceram and Gilolo, Mentawey Islanders. 

 Sawaiori or Ea-tern Polynesian Gronp : Samoa, 

 Tonga, Tahiti, Marquesas, Tuamotu, Maori, Hawaii, 

 Tokelau, EUice. 



Fig. 25,— MaL-iyan type, Sulu Isl.-inds. The present Sultaa of Sulu. 



C— MONGOLIAN TYPES (Yellow and Olive Brown) 

 VI. Conti.-jentalBranch. — Indo-ChineseGroup : Chinese, 

 Anname.-e, Tiheto-Bormese, Thai (Siamese, Lao.=, 

 Shan, Khamti), Khasia, Khyen, Karen, Kuki, Naga, 

 Ahom, Mishmi, Bhod. 

 VII. Oceanic Branch. — Malayan Groups: Malays Proper, 

 Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Baline^e, Macassar, 

 Bugi; Malagasy of Madagascar ; Tagalo-Bisayans of 

 Philippines ; Formosan I>landers ; Mikronesians 

 (Pelew, Carolines, Ladroiie~, Marshall, Gilbert 

 Mind-). 

 It thus appears that the three great divisions of man- 

 kind (.A, B and C) are in possession of an ethnical 

 region which some anthropologists have regarded as the 



