ae 
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APRIL 11, 1912] 
NATURE 155 
and short exposures with his coronagraphs met with 
success. Beautiful structure is displayed in the 
regions of the solar poles, and the equatorial 
streamers are extensive and full of detail. These 
photographs also exhibit a “minimum” type of 
corona, corroborating the observations of the other 
parties; they are of considerable value as records and 
for future study, and form the main contribution to 
solar physics which this eclipse has afforded. 
Although the astronomical results of my party were 
chiefly negative, we managed to get together at odd 
moments a collection of ‘specimens for the Natural 
History Museum at South Kensington, the Botanical 
Gardens at Kew, and the Physic Garden at Chelsea. 
In concluding this account, I should like to place 
on record in this institution the fine way in which the 
volunteer observers of my party worked in some- 
times very trying circumstances; the magnificent 
assistance rendered by the captain, officers, and men 
of H.M.S. Encounter; the great liberality of the 
Orient Steam Navigation Company in again trans- 
porting out and home all our instruments, baggage, 
&c., free of charge; and lastly, the assistance of many 
individuals who at various stages of our journey made 
matters as easy as possible for us. 
THE RELATIONSHIP OF NEANDERTHAL 
MAN AND  PITHECANTHROPUS TO 
MODERN MAN.} 
HE more the remains of Neanderthal man are 
studied, the more it becomes apparent that 
Prof. Schwalbe is right in regarding this Pleistocene 
race as being totally distinct from all existing races 
of mankind. It is true that Neanderthal man in some 
characters, for instance, the teeth, shows a certain 
degree of specialisation, but in the vast majority he is 
infinitely more simian than any race now living. He 
serves in some degree to carry human history towards 
an ape stage. Those who believe that modern man 
has been evolved in a comparatively brief and recent 
geological period are inclined to accept the Neander- 
thal type as representative of mankind of a late stage 
of the Pleistocene epoch, and to suppose that modern 
man has been evolved from the more primitive type 
since that date. 
Two lines of research have rendered such beliefs 
untenable. All the remains of Neanderthal man so 
far discovered in France and Belgium are referable 
to a limited and late part of the Pleistocene epoch. 
The flint implements and accessory evidence show that 
Neanderthal man flourished in Central Europe during 
the Mousterian and earlier part of the Aurignacian 
periods. All trace of this type then disappears; the 
races which immediately succeed it are of the modern 
type; the evidence points to an extermination of the 
ancient or Neanderthal type early in the Aurignacian 
period. 
In those long stretches of the Pleistocene epoch— 
the Acheulean and Chellean—which precede the 
Mousterian period, and are characterised by flints of 
great beauty of workmanship, no trace of Neander- 
thal man has been found in Europe. The remains 
which have been discovered show that the Europeans 
of the Chellean and Acheulean periods were of the 
modern type. Lately, M. Rutot, of Brussels, has 
tabulated a list of the human remains which he re- 
gards as referable to pre-Mousterian periods, and in 
every case these belong to mankind of the modern 
ype. 
Prof. Keith reviewed the evidence relating to the 
1 From Hunterian Lectures delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, 
ae on February 26 and 28, March 1, 4,6, and 8, by Prof. Arthur 
eith. 
NO. 2215, VOL. 89| 
| demands a very long period of time. 
human mandible found by Boucher de Perthes at 
Moulin Quinon in 1863, and came to the conclusion 
that it was an authentic document. Boucher de 
Perthes found it in a stratum containing implements 
of the Acheulean period. The mandible is peculiar in 
form, but is clearly of the non-Neanderthal type. 
No trace of Neanderthal man has been found in 
| Italy, but human remains of the modern type have 
| been found in Lombardy and Tuscany in strata which 
in point of formation long preceded the Mousterian 
period. 
The most convincing evidence of the early exist- 
ence of the modern type of man is to be found in 
England.. The Galley Hill remains from the 1oo-ft. 
terrace of the Thames Valley are at least Chellean 
in date; according to M. Rutot they are much earlier. 
The fragmentary Bury St. Edmunds skull, of which 
Prof. Keith has lately made a minute examination, 
is of the modern type, and in point of date belongs 
to the Acheulean period. The human skeleton lately 
discovered by Mr. J. Reid Moir beneath a stratum of 
weathered chalky Boulder-clay near Ipswich is 
much older than the Galley Hill remains, yet in all 
its characters the Ipswich skeleton represents the 
modern type of man. 
The only remains of man so far discovered in 
Europe which certainly antedate the Ipswich skeleton 
is the Heidelberg mandible, which must be assigned 
to the oldest part of the Pleistocene epoch. The 
Heidelberg jaw clearly formed part of the skeleton of 
a primitive form of Neanderthal man. On the 
evidence at present available, it must be inferred that 
two types of man were in existence in Europe during 
the Pleistocene epoch : (1) the Neanderthal type, repre- 
sented by the Heidelberg mandible, near the beginning 
of that epoch, and by the various skeletons found in 
Belgium and France near its end; and (2) the modern 
type, represented by remains of many races belonging 
to the inferior, middle, and superior formations of 
the Pleistocene epoch. It is evident, too, that the 
point at which these two types of mankind emerged 
from a common stock must be assigned to an 
earlier date than most anthropologists are inclined 
to admit at present—probably to the older part of the 
Pliocene period. 
That the modern type of man must be of great 
antiquity is evident from the degree of divergence 
which is to be seen amongst existing races of man- 
kind. All the evidence at present at our disposal 
indicates that human races change very slowly in 
their physique; to produce the negro of Africa and the 
fair-haired European from a common _ stock clearly 
Of all the races 
now existing in the world, the native Australian most 
nearly approaches the type which might serve as a 
commion ancestor for African and European. He com- 
bines the characters of each, and at the same time has 
certain features which link him to the Neanderthal 
type. At least such a surmise serves as a convenient 
working hypothesis. 
The structural differences between the Neanderthal 
and modern types of man are similar in nature, 
although somewhat less in degree, than those which 
separate the gorilla from the chimpanzee. Those 
two anthropoids are more nearly related structurally 
than is usually supposed. There is a similar 
differentiation among the modern gibbons of the Far 
East and among the extinct Miocene gibbons of 
Europe. The siamang and Paidopithex | represent 
the gorilla or Neanderthal form; the gibbon and 
Pliopithecus correspond to the type represented by the 
chimpanzee and modern man. In all these groups of 
higher Primates the same process of evolution seems 
to be at work. 
Although the results of more recent inquiries place 
