440 
NATURE 
[June 27, Lgi2 
Lastly, there is an admirable account (eighty pages) 
of Malayo-Polynesian shipping, especially as occurring 
in German areas; this is particularly valuable on | 
account of the diagrams (136 in number) of the 
different parts and appliances, also for the native 
names of these. It is in- 
teresting to note a certain 
similarity between a form of 
stone anchor from the west 
of Ireland and that repre- 
sented in Fig. 36a, p. 242, 
here reproduced. 
Enough has been said to 
show that this worl con- 
tains much information of 
interest, all of which is ob- 
Stein 
Cirkew 
4  tainable for the modest sum 
of 3.60 marks. 
few plates, and a map of 
sula, and New Hannover 
coloured to show the distri- 
bution of languages. We 
shall look ferward to further 
investigations by Dr. Friederici, whose wide acquaint- 
ance with ethnological literature particularly fits him 
for comparative work. ACC ile 
SOLAR RADIATION AT DAVOS. 
1 Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift (No. 4, 
1912), Dr. F. M. Exner gives an elaborate analysis 
of the principal results of Dr. C. Dorno’s painstaking 
measurements of solar radiation and atmospheric 
electricity at Davos in 1908-10, made with the most 
up-to-date instruments, and published, with numerous 
tables and plates, in a stately quarto volume, entitled 
“Studie uber Licht und Luft im Hochgebirge” (F. 
Vieweg and Son, Brunswick). We can only quote 
here two or three of the actinometric results, which 
serve to show the nature of the work. Although Dr. 
Exner’s analysis is so full, the work contains so much 
material that it is impossible even to make mention 
of all the results. 
662 determinations :— 
Dependence of the Intensity of Radiation on the Sun’s 
Altitude in the Mean of the Year, expressed in Gram 
Calories (per sq. cm. per min.). 
T0ee) Se Dacre OmmE qo" 45 50 55 Got) G55 
1047 I°13I 17x72 1°226 1°274 1°302 1°329 1342 1355 1°359 1°369 17364 
The daily range of intensity is given for each season 
and for the year. For the latter we find :— 
6h. a. gh.a. 8h.a, gh.a. roh.a. xh.a. Noon th. p. 
1106 I-14! I°207 1315 1324 1°372 1°384 1°360 
2h. p 3h p. 4h. p. sh. p. 6h. p. 
1311 1238 1*206 1094 1018 (June-August) 
With the aid of a Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder 
the following effective monthly values of radiation in 
kilogram calories on a horizontal surface were calcu- 
lated :-— 
Monthly Values and Percentage of Possible Values. 
Dee. Jan. Feb. March April May June 
10 
July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Vear 
2°3 5 60 762 8Qs6. MO.4 store. nO 78 i) 8*r 
335 55°7 51°6 562 46'S 4919 51°7 5610 63°6 Go'q G0'0 59°4 55°0 
51 2°83 
Davos owes its high radiation to its height above 
sea-level (1560 m.), the southerly aspect of the valley, 
and its small amount of cloud in the winter months. 
The highest value of solar radiation measured was 
1522 gram calories (March 5). 
ey 2226, voL. 89| 
There are a }j 
New Ireland, Gazelle Penin- | 
The following are the results of | 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
BrrmMinGuam.—On March 26 last the City Council 
passed a resolution, ‘*That, having received a grant 
| from the city rates, the University of Birmingham be 
asked to consider the advisability of granting degrees 
to external students, particularly those trained in the 
municipal technical schools or the Birmingham and 
Midland Institute, and report thereon to the council.” 
In reply to this request the council and Senate of the 
University have just issued a statement setting forth 
the result of their deliberations on the subject. They 
point out that ‘‘the University was intended by its 
founders to be limited in granting degrees to students 
attending the University or affiliated institutions. 
Courses of instruction under recognised teachers, and 
daily association with fellow-undergraduates, give a 
meaning and a value to a degree which would be 
entirely lost if the degree were granted to external 
students.’’ The council also points out that the ex- 
ternal side of London University already meets the 
needs of the external student, and that it is quite 
unnecessary to set up two universities having this 
external character in the British Isles. 
CampripGe.—The General Board of Studies has re- 
appointed Dr. Barclay-Smith as University lecturer in 
human anatomy. 
The Raymond Horton-Smith prize for 1912 has 
been awarded to Dr. V. J. Woolley, for a thesis 
for the degree of Doctor of Medicine—subject, ‘‘ The 
time-relations of the actions of entero-kinase and of 
trypsin under various conditions”; proximé accessit, 
Dr. A. E. Barclay, for a thesis for the same degree— 
subject, ‘‘The diagnosis of gastric and cesophageal 
affections by X-ray methods.” The M.D. Degree 
Committee places on record its appreciation of the 
high standard attained by most of the theses submitted 
for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Many of these 
theses, either records of clinical investigations on 
obscure diseases or original laboratory research, ought 
in the opinion of the committee to be published. The 
theses submitted by G. G. Butler—subject, ‘The 
fragility of the red blood corpuscle; A. J. Clark—sub- 
ject, ‘‘The mode of excretion of hamoglobin and its 
derivatives; Dr. F. P. Franklen-Evans—subject, ‘‘ The 
sensory nerve endings in joints—are worthy of special 
distinction. 
The Special Board for Biology and Geology has 
nominated, to use the University table at Naples, 
| G. R. Mines, H. M. Fuchs; and J. Gray, to occupy 
the University table at the laboratory of the Marine 
Biological Association at Plymouth. 
Oxrorp.—It is proposed to hold an election in 
Michaelmas term next to an ordinary fellowship in 
| Magdalen College, after an examination having 
| special reference to excellence in medical - science 
| (physiology and pathology). 
Convocation on June 25 confirmed the decree accept- 
ing the grant of gool. from the Board of Agriculture 
and Fisheries in aid of investigations into the 
economics of agriculture. On the same day it passed 
a decree accepting the sum of 1t0,oool. for the pro- 
motion of the study of agriculture from Mr. Walter 
Morrison, M.A., of Balliol College. It is proposed to 
apply 30001. of Mr. Morrison’s benefaction towards 
the extension of the Rural Economy Laboratory, it 
being understood that the Board of Agriculture and 
Fisheries is prepared to make a grant of an equal 
amount towards the same object, and to invest the 
remaining 7oool., using the income for the mainten- 
of the laboratory and for other purposes connected with 
' the study of agriculture in the University. This makes 
