NATURE 
[AuGuUST i. 1912 
tion of the entire number of students in the two facul- 
ties named. 
By the reorganisation of secondary studies (decree 
of May 31, 1902) a road is opened for primary schools 
to the scientific faculties through the assimilation of 
the modern course in the lycées to that of the higher 
primaries. ‘This arrangement was made both in the 
interests of the teaching service of primary schools 
and also as a means of enabling. ambitious youths 
among the industrial classes to prepare themselves 
for more effective service int the practical affairs of 
life. 
In the reports of the financial status of the several 
universities the receipts are classified as the ordinary 
and the extraordinary income. The former comprises 
the revenues from property and the interest of invested 
funds, the fees for matriculation, lecture fees, library 
and laboratory fees, the receipts from university pub- 
lications, the State appropriations for current expen- 
ditures, appropriations by the departments and cities, 
and all other sources of a permanent character. The 
extraordinary income includes gifts and legacies, loans, 
appropriations for building or other special purposes, 
and all other funds intended to meet temporary 
demands. Each faculty comprised within a university 
has its own separate budget. The salaries of ail 
professors are paid from the State appropriations, 
estimates for the same being annually submitted to 
the Chamber of Deputies by the Minister of Public 
Instruction. The university may, however, make 
arrangements for additional service to be paid for out 
of its own resources. 
In giving up to the universities the receipts from 
fees, which were formerly turned over to the State 
Treasury, it was decided that they must be applied 
wholly to objects of immediate advantage to the 
students, such as the equipment of laboratories, 
libraries, new buildings, &c. Apart from these specific 
limitations, the universities have free disposal of their 
resources, 
It appears that the combined incomes of the fifteen 
universities in France, excluding Algiers, in 1906 
aggregated 530,000l., of which amount Paris received 
273,000l., or a little more than half the total. In 1909 
the amount was 448,oool., of which Paris received less 
than half, namely 189,o00l. Partial statements for 
intervening years indicate that the decline in the in- 
comes, total and particular, in 1909, as compared with 
1906, is due to fluctuations in the amounts received 
from gifts, legacies, &c., or what are termed extra- 
ordinary sources, rather than to a falling off in the 
receipts from ordinary sources. The latter include 
fees and State and local appropriations, which, as a 
rule, increase from year to year. From official state- 
ments for the years intervening between 1906 and 
1909, it appears that Paris reached its maximum in- 
come in 1908, namely 313,000l. 
UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE. 
Lonpon.—Mr. H. Maxwell Lefroy nas been ap- 
pointed professor of entomology at the Imperial Col- 
lege of Science and Technology. 
Tue following appointments have been made at 
Bedford College for Women :—Assistant lecturer in 
mathematics, Dr. H. B. Heywood; assistant in mathe- 
matics, Miss M. Long. 
University COLLEGE GUILD OF GRADUATES.—The 
following are among the officers appointed for 
1912-13 :—Master, Dr. T. Gregory Foster; Engineer- 
ing. Warden, Mr. E. S. Andrews; Medical Warden, 
Mr. R. Johnson; Science Warden, Miss E. .N. 
Thomas. 
NO. 2231, VOL. 89| 
| 
Pror. A. V. Dicey has retired, after a tenure of 
office of thirteen years, from the principalship of the 
Working Men’s College, London, and is succeeded by 
Sits Gueb>) Jecas. 
East Lonpon CorreGe.—Dr. J. Robinson, of the 
University of Sheffield, has been appointed senior 
lecturer in the physics department, and Mr. J. Salis- 
bury, Quain student at University College, lecturer in 
the botanical department. 
University Co.iLece.—Mr. E. Kilburn Scott has 
been reappointed lecturer in electrical design, and Mr. 
A. H. Barker has been reappointed lecturer in heating 
and ventilating engineering. Mr. Lloyd-Evans has 
been appointed demonstrator in the department of 
mechanical engineering. Mr. F. J. Bridgman has 
been appointed assistant in the department of zoology 
and comparative anatomy. Miss K. V. Ryley has 
been appointed to the Benington memorial studentship. 
in anthropometry and craniology. A valuable collec- 
tion of British Lepidoptera, made by the late Mr. 
J. A. Finzi, has been presented by Mrs. and Miss 
Finzi to the zoological museum. 
Tue foundation-stones of the new Gresham College 
were laid on July 24. The ceremony was followed by 
a luncheon in the Mercers’ Hall, at which Sir Archi- 
bald Geikie, P.R.S., spoke. He stated that he saw 
no reason why the new college should not become a 
higher centre for literary and scientific cultivation for 
the City of London than heretofore, and all for the 
glory of God and to the memory of Sir Thomas 
Gresham. 
Tue following appointments have been made at the 
London (Royal Free Hospital) School of Medicine for 
Women :—Dr. F. Wood-Jones, demonstrator in 
anatomy, St. Thomas’s Hospital Medical School, to 
be lecturer and head of the department of anatomy ; 
in succession to Mr. F. G, Parsons, who has resigned ; 
Mr. J. A. Gardner to be lecturer in organic chemistry 
and head of the department of chemistry, in succes- 
sion to Miss C. Evans; Miss Widdows to be lecturer 
in organic chemistry; Miss M. D. Waller to be demon- 
strator in physics. 
SHEFFIELD.—Mr. H. Nield has been appointed 
demonstrator in anatomy, and Dr. E. F. Finch and 
Mr. P. A. Reckless honorary demonstrators in the 
same subject. 
Ir is announced in Science that the sum of 50,000l. 
has been bequeathed to Yale University, without any 
restrictions, by Mr. C. D. Borden, of New York. 
We are informed that the establishment of the new 
university in Western Australia is progressing satis- 
factorily, and the Senate is open to receive applications 
for the filling of eight professorial chairs. Parliament 
has voted an annual minimum endowment of 13,500!. 
towards the administration and needs of the univer- 
sity, and the chair of agriculture has been fully en- 
dowed by the newly appointed Chancellor, Sir W. 
Hackett. Mr. H. Gunn, who carried out similar 
work in South Africa with success, has been appointed 
organiser of the university, and is now actively 
engaged in making preparations for the inauguration 
of the institution early next year. 
Tue London County Council has decided to increase 
its annual grant to the Imperial College of Science 
and Technology from S8oool. to 13,000l., for the quin- 
quennial period September 1, 1912, to August 31, 1917- 
The report of the Higher Education Sub-committee, in 
which the recommendation now adopted was made, 
points out that the Treasury has decided to allow to 
the governing body of the Imperial College additional 
grants of soool. in respect of each of the sessions 
