672 
NATURE 
[AUGUST 29, 1912 
times. He suggests (p. 297) that an aplite ‘‘dyke”’ 
recorded by Becke in the Hochstegenkallk in reality 
results from a mechanical rearrangement of the older 
gneiss among the limestones. 
Jan Nowak, of Lemberg, in a German paper, de- 
scribes the structure of the limestone Alps of Salz- 
burg and the Salzkammergut (Bull. Internat. Acad. 
Sci. de Cracovie, 1911, ser. A, p. 57), tracing the re- 
cumbent overfolds, and pointing out that in the eastern 
Alps faulting has played a greater part in cutting 
these asunder than it has in the more plastic masses 
of the west. 
Fascicule iv. of vol. xxxvi. of the Mémoires de la 
Société de Physique de Genéve (December, 1910, price 
15 francs) is occupied with L. W. Collet’s paper on 
“Les hautes Alpes calcaires entre Arve et Rhéne."' 
The author’s personal observations extend over eight 
years. Numerous sections of folded strata are given, 
among which that of the Dents du Midi (p. 451) is con- 
spicuous. The author believes (p. 577) that vegetation 
covered the karst-like surface of the Désert de Platé 
after glacial times, and that the organic acids 
originated the etching of the surface. The phototypes 
by Sadag, of Geneva, surpass almost anything that we 
have seen in the way of geological illustration. The 
panorama of the district on pl. 17, with its geological 
clue below, offers a superb study for the class-room. 
The lands near the Rhine are not so largely visited 
by British geologists as they deserve. The neighbour- 
hood of Trier (Tréves) is fully described in the Sits- 
ungsberichte vom naturhistorischen Verein der preuss- 
ischen Rheinlande, 1910, section D, pp. 1-108. L. 
van Werveke makes several contributions; that on 
the oolitic iron-ores of Middle Jurassic age (p. 50), 
which have so wide a distribution, has considerable 
petrographic importance. A bibliography of similar 
rocks is given, but no mention is made of the Cleve- 
land ores of England, where the substitution of iron 
for calcium is obvious, or of the pisolitic ores with 
“greenalite’’ in North America. Van Werveke be- 
lieves that the ‘‘ Minette” ores of north-eastern France 
and western Germany were laid down in the sea, and 
result from the oxidation of iron salts washed from 
the pyritous Posidonia-beds, over which the Jurassic 
strata were unconformably deposited. The condi- 
tions also favoured the formation of glauconite. 
In the Verhandlungen of the same society for 1909 
(1910, p. 165), C. Mordziol places the Brown Coal 
Series of the Lower Rhine area on the horizon of the 
Lower Miocene strata of Mainz. In the next volume 
(1911, p. 237) he discusses the limits of the Upper 
Oligocene and Lower Miocene in the Mainz basin, 
with which his work is so closely identified. G. 
Fliegel (ibid., p. 327) considers the effect of ice-lobes 
from the northern continental glacier in producing 
modifications, both in materials and in ultimate form, 
of the terraced drift of the Rhine valley. 
The Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club remains 
true to geological research. In the Proceedings, vol. 
XVii., 1911, p. 195, L. Richardson describes the Chip- 
ping Norton district, where the Inferior Oolite covers | 
much of a very hilly country. J. W. Gray (p. 257) 
considers the glacial epoch in the north and mid 
Cotteswolds, and regards much of the ‘drift’ as | 
imported before that epoch by Cainozoic streams that 
have been beheaded by the development of the Severn 
tributaries. Like many workers in central and 
southern England, he remains sceptical as to the 
invasion of that part of the country by glacier-ice. 
W. Hewitt, in his address to the Liverpool Geo- 
logical Society (Proc., vol. xi., 1911, p. 88), reviews 
the theories of the origin of the Triassic beds in Eng- 
land, and C. B. Travis and H. W. Greenwood indicate 
(p. 138), after an elaborate mineralogical research, a 
NO. 2235, VOL. 89] 
source for the north-western beds different from that 
which supplied the Trias of the south-west and the 
Midlands. 
E. E. L. Dixon and A. Vaughan apply zonal prin- 
ciples to the Avonian (Lower Carboniferous) succes- 
sion in Gower, Glamorganshire (Quart. Journ. Geol. 
Soc., Lond., vol. Ixvii., 1911, p. 477). Interesting 
arguments are adduced (pp. 522 and 525) for regard- 
ing the ‘‘Lower Culm” radiolarian beds as formed 
in a lagoon phase, near the mouths of rivers, and not 
in a deep sea. The absence of lime salts and the 
presence of silica seem to have been more potent in- 
fluences than depth. 
Turning to the south of Europe, part iti. of the 
Jahrbuch der k.k. Reichsanstalt for 1910 is occupied 
by a paper by C. Renz on the stratigraphy of the 
Mesozoic and Palzozoic rocks of Greece, on which the 
author has worked since 1903. This memoir of 215 
pages and its successors promise to be a text-book of 
the geology of the country from the JTonian to the 
fZgean isles, a region at one time supposed to be 
covered only by Cretaceous and Cainozoic strata. We 
now become acquainted with deposits as old as the 
| Devonian. 
Rudolf Hoernes has published a paper on _ the 
“ Bildung des Bosporus und der Dardanellen”’ (Sitz- 
ungsber. k. Akad. Wissen., Vienna, Bd. cxviii., p. 693), 
in which full credit is given to T. English’s paper in 
the Quarterly Journal ef the Geological Society of 
London for 1904. The author places the break-up of 
the AEgean plateau in the Upper Pliocene, when a 
river from the north-east was cutting a cafon along 
the line of the present Bosporus and Dardanelles. 
The further depression of the region, and the entry 
of the sea into the channel, occurred in early Pleisto- 
cene times (p. 756). Hoernes opposes the view of 
English that the Bosporus was originally cut by a 
| river running eastward (see English’s paper, p. 261). 
Federico Sacco has written a useful account of 
“L’Appennino settentrionale e centrale” (Cosmos, 
ser. 2, vol. xili., 1911, p. 145), in which he summarises 
the geological features and connects them with the 
| settlements and occupations of the people, especially 
in regard to agriculture. 
D. P. W. Stuart-Menteath, in ‘“‘El Darwinismo en 
los Pirineos’’ (Boletin Soc. Aragonesa de Ciencias 
naturales, vol. ix., p. 197), continues to attribute the 
| spread of new views on Spanish stratigraphy to the 
pernicious influence of evolutionary doctrines. 
| 
Gi Auciane 
THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE HOOK- 
WORM.1 
pets somewhat ponderous volume is the continua- 
tion of a monograph of which the first volume 
was published in Cairo in 1905. Like its predecessor, 
it will be found of great value for the reference library 
of all helminthologists. 
Agchylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, 
| the latter originally thought to be an indigenous 
| American species of hook-worm, but now believed to 
have been imported into the United States from Africa 
| by negro slaves, are both parasites peculiar to man, 
with the exception of anthropoid apes; the near zoo- 
logical relationship between the hosts is of great ‘in- 
terest. The horse, though often accused, is now 
known not to be a host, and this is also true of dogs, 
in spite of the fact that the author has succeeded in 
Records of the School of Medicine. 
| 1 Ministry of Education, Egypt. 
Vol. iv., ‘‘The Anatomy and Life-history of 
1 r 
| Edited by the Director. 
Agchylostoma duodenale. Dub.’ A Monograph, by Dr. A. Looss. Part 1i., 
| **The Development in the Free State.” Pp. viii +163-613-+-plates xi-xix. 
| (Cairo: National Printing Department, torr.) 
