48 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [VOLUME 33 
Pappus-bristles about 5, dilated and flattened at the base. 16. ELEPHANTOPUS. 
Pappus-bristles dissimilar, two of them longer and conduplicate 
near the apex. 17. PSEUDELEPHANTOPUS. 
Corolla 3—5-toothed; style-branches short; involucral scales only 2-5. ‘ 
Inv geal scales 2: pappus a persistent toothed crown. 18. ROLANDRA. 
Involucral scales 5 : pappus of deciduous separate scales. 19. SPIRACANTHA. 
1. STRUCHIUM P-. Br.; J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: 406. 1805. 
Stems annual, herbaceous, erect, simple or sparingly branched, with short internodes. 
Leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnately veined. Heads small, many-flowered, single or clustered 
in the axils of the leaves. Involucre hemispheric, its scales numerous, imbricate in several 
series, scarious at the margin, the outer ones shorter. Receptacle naked, subconvex. Corolla 
tubular, purple, regularly 3-4-lobed. Anthers sagittate, acuminate at base. Styles slender. 
Achenes 3—4-angled and ribbed, glabrous or minutely glandular, truncate at the apex, sur- 
mounted by a persistent, shallowly lobed or entire cartilaginous crown. 
Type species, Ethulia sparganophora L,. 
1. Struchium pag tenes (i) Kuntze, Hey. Gen. 366. 1891. 
Ethulia sparganophora J,. Sp. Pl. ed. MONS GS). 
Sparganophorus Vaillantit Crantz, hee 1 -e261Ee AWGG: 
Struchium herbaceum P. Br.; J. St. Hil. Expos. Fam. 1: ‘406. 1805. 
Sparganophorus Struchium Poir. in Lam. Encye. 7: 302. 1806. 
Sparganophorus fasciatus Poir. in Lam. Encye. 7: 302. 1806. 
Struchium americanum Poir. in am. Encye. 7: 475. 1806. 
Plant erect, 2-10 dm. high, usually unbranched; stems puberulent or glabrate; leaf- 
blades thin, bright-green, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate or elliptic, 5-12 cm. long, 1-4 em. 
wide, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate, glabrous above, minutely strigose and glandular- 
punctate beneath; petioles slender, 1-2 cm. long; heads sessile in small axillary clusters, about 
50-flowered; involucre hemispheric, 4-5 mm. high, the scales appressed and rather closely 
inbricate at the base, abruptly acuminate into a slender or spinulose tip, scarious on the 
margin; achenes oblong, quadrangular, ribbed at the angles, 1.5—-2 mm. long, the crown nearly 
white, half the length of the achene. 
TYPE LOCALITY: India. 
DISTRIBUTION: West Indies, southern Mexico, and Central America; also in tropical South 
America; introduced into Africa. 
ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encye. pl. 670; P. Br. Hist. Jam. pl. 34, f. 2; Gaertn. Fruct. pl. 
165; Jacq. f. Eclog. Pl. pl. 131. 
2. PACOURINA Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 800. 1775. 
Haynea Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1787. 1804. 
Pacourinopsis Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 151. 1817. 
Tall, erect, nearly glabrous herbs, with large, thin, dentate or runcinate, alternate, thistle- 
like leaves on winged petioles, and large, axillary, sessile, many-flowered heads. Involucre 
broadly depressed-hemispheric, its scales scarious, appressed, and closely imbricate at the 
base in many series, herbaceous and spreading at the apex. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 
regular, 5-cleft, the slender tube dilated below. Anthers sagittate, the lobes obtuse at the 
base. Styles slender, long-exserted. Achenes prismatic, elongate, glandular, obscurely 10- 
nbbed, tipped with a minute, denticulate or entire, cartilaginous ring, with about two inner 
rows of short, deciduous, hispid bristles more or less connected at the base. 
Type species, Pacourina edulis Aubl. 
1. Pacourina edulis Aubl. Pl. Guian. 2: 800. 1775. 
Liuywea edulis Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 1787. 1804. 
Pacourinopsis integrifolia Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 151. 1817. 
Pacourinopsis dentata Cass. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1817: 151. 1817. 
Pacourina cirsiifolia H. B. K. Noy. Gen. & Sp. 4:30. 1818. 
Vernonia edulis Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 753. 1841. 
Pacourina edulis spinosissima Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 132. 1893. 
Stems 1-2 m. tall, thinly pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaf-blades narrowly oblong to 
broadly elliptic, oblanceolate, or ovate, 15-20 cm. long, 5-8 em. wide, deeply and irregularly 
