ParT 1, 1922] CARDUACEAE: VERNONIEAE 49 
serrate or runcinate with spinous teeth, or nearly entire, acute or acuminate, nearly glabrous 
on both sides, narrowed below into a winged petiole 2-3 cm. long and auriculate at its base; 
heads chiefly in the upper axils, 3 cm. wide and high; involucral scales broadly ovate-oblong; 
achenes linear, 1 cm long, glandular. 
Tyre LOCALITY: French Guiana. \ 
DISTRIBUTION: Santo Domingo and Nicaragua; also in South America. 
ILLUSTRATIONS: Lam. Tab. Encye. pl. 665; Aubl. Pl. Guian. pl. 316. 
3. CENTRATHERUM Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 7: 383. 1817. 
Ampherephis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 31. 1818. 
Spixia Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac. pl. 80. 1821. 
Stems herbaceous, diffusely branched, with alternate, petioled, serrate leaves and 
peduncled heads, usually terminating the branches. Involucre hemispheric to broadly campan- 
ulate; its scales in several series, the outer foliaceous and spreading, the intermediate and 
inner erect and appressed, membranous or scarious. Heads many-flowered. Receptacle 
subconvex, naked or foveolate. Corolla tubular, regular, deeply 5-cleft, purplish or blue. 
Anthers sagittate, obtuse at the base. Style-branches slender. Achenes 8-10-ribbed. Bristles 
of the pappus few to many, short, caducous. 
Type species, Centratherum punctatum Cass. 
Inner scales obtuse or rounded at the apex, ciliate-denticulate with glandular 
hairs and more or less glandular on the back. 1. C. violaceum. 
Inner scales rounded to aristate, the margin minutely glandular or not at all, 
arachnoid or tomentose on the back. 
Inner scales obtuse or acute, mucronate or aristate, the intermediate ones 
with awns 2 mm. or more in length. 2. C. punctatum. 
Inner scales obtuse or rounded, the intermediate ones with awns less than 
1 mm. long or none. 3. C. muticum. 
1. Centratherum violaceum (Schrank) Gleason. 
Spixia violacea Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monae. pl. 80. 1821. 
Ampherephis intermedia Link & Otto, Ic. Pl. Sel. 65. 1822. 
Centratherum intermedium Less. Linnaea 4: 320. 1829. 
Baccharoides violaceum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 320. 1891. 
Stems,erect, with ascending branches, 3-5 dm. high, stout, somewhat angled, puberulent; 
leaves 3-4 cm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, the blades thin, ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse or subacute, 
deeply crenate-serrate, glabrous above, puberulent beneath, abruptly arcuately narrowed 
at base into a long margined petiole; heads on terminal peduncles; outer involucral scales 
5-9, 15-25 mm. long, foliaceous, resembling the foliage leaves in shape and texture; inter- 
mediate scales scarious, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate into a prominent awn, glabrous 
except some arachnoid tomentum near the base of the awn; inner scales rounded to subacute 
at the apex, ciliate with short glandular hairs and somewhat glandular on the back; achenes 
obovoid, prominently ribbed. ; 
TYPE LocALiItTy: Brazil. 
DISTRIBUTION: Martinique and Guadeloupe; also in northern South America. 
ILLUSTRATIONS: Link & Otto, Ic. Pl. Sel. pl. 29; Schrank, Pl. Rar. Hort. Monac. #1. 80. 
2. Centratherum punctatum Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. 7: 384. 1817. 
Ambherephis aristata H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 4: 32, 1818. 
Baccharoides punctatum Kuntze, Rev.Gen. 320. 1891. 
Stems erect, 2-5 dm. high, puberulent to tomentulose, especially above; leaf-blades firm, 
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, acute, serrulate or entire, attenu- 
ate at base into a margined petiole, thinly pubescent and glandular-punctate on both sides; 
outer involucral scales foliaceous, narrowly oblanceolate, serrulate or entire, little exceeding 
the head; intermediate scales pubescent near the tip, abruptly narrowed into an awn 2-4 mm. 
long; inner scales obtuse or acute, spinulose-denticulate, mucronate or short-awned. 
TYPE LOCALITY: Isthmus of Panama. 
DISTRIBUTION: Panama; also in Colombia. 
ILLUSTRATION: H.B.K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. pl. 314. 
