282 MAMMALIA—ELEPHANT. 
znd ther. and arrives first to the first inclosure, where the male, following 
ner track, enters through the same gate. As soon as he perceives himself 
shut up, his ardor vanishes, and when he discovers the hunters, he becomes 
furious. They throw at him ropes with a running knot to stop nim; tney 
fetter his legs and his trunk, they bring two or three tame elephants, led by 
dexterous men, and try to tie them with the wild elephant, and at last, by 
dint of dexterity, strength, terror, and caresses, they succeed in taming him 
in a few days. 
The elephant, once tamed, becomes the most tractable and the most sub- 
missive of all animals; he conceives an affection for his leader, he caresses 
him, and seems to guess whatever can please him. Ina little time he 
understands the signs, and even the expression of sounds; he distinguishes 
the tone of command, that of anger or good nature, and acts accordingly. 
He never mistakes the words of his master. He receives his orders with 
attention, executes them with prudence and eagerness, without precipita- 
tion ; for his motions are always measured, and his character seems to 
participate of the gravity of his body. He is easily taught to bend the knee 
to assist those who will ride on his back. He caresses his friends with his 
trunk, and salutes with it the persons he is directed to take notice of. He 
makes use of it to lift burdens, and helps to load himself. He has no aver- 
sion to being clothed, and seems to delight in a golden harness or magnifi- 
cent trappings. Heis easily put to the traces of carts, and draws ships 
upon occasion. He draws evenly, without stopping, or any marks of dis- 
like, provided he is not insulted by unseasonable 0) rection ; and provided 
his driver seems to be thankful for the spontaneous exertion a his strength. 
His leader is mounted on his neck, and makes use of4n iron rod, crooked 
at the end, with which he strikes him gently on the head to make him turn 
or increase his-pace. But often a word is sufficient, especially if he has had 
time to make himself well acquainted with his leader, and has a confidence 
in him. His attachment is sometimes so strong and so lasting, and his 
affection so great, that commonly he refuses to serve under any other per-~ 
son; and he is known to have died of grief for having in anger killed his 
covernor. 
If it is true, as has been affirmed, that the elephant lives two hundred 
years, and that he begets when he is one hundred and twenty years <dd, 
each couple brings forth forty young in that space of time. Besides, having 
nothing to fear from other animals, and little even from men, who take 
them with great difficulty, the species has not decreased, and is generally 
dispersed in all the southern parts of Africa and Asia. 
From time immemorial, the Indians made use of elephants in war. 
Amongst those nations unacquainted with the European military discipline, 
they were the best troops of their armies; and as long as battles were 
decided by mere weapons, they commonly vanquished. Yet, we see in 
history, that the Greeks and Romans used themselves soon to those mon- 

