400 MAMMALIA—WHALE. 
third of its bulk. The fins on each side are from five to eight feet, composed 
of bones and muscles, and sufficiently strong to give speed and activity to 
the great mass of body which they move. 
The tail is about twenty-four feet broad; and, when the fish lies on one 
side, its blow is tremendous. It is a curious piece of mechanism, consisting 
of two lobes wholly made up of strong, tendinous fibres, connected with the 
major part of the muscular structure of the body. Of those fibres there are 
three distinct layers, of which the two external are in the direction of the 
Jobes, and the internal in an opposite direction. This structure renders the 
tail of the whale one of the most flexible of animal organs. It can move 
all ways with equal ease; every part has its own individual motion. 
The skin is smooth and black, and in some places marbled with white 
and yellow; which, running over the surface, has a very beautiful effect. 
The outward, or scarf skin of the whale, is no thicker than parchment; but 
this removed, the real skin appears, of about an inch thick, and covering 
the fat or blubber that lies beneath. This is from eight to twelve inches in 
thickness ; and is, when the fish is in health, of a beautiful yellow. The 
muscles lie beneath; and these, like the flesh of quadrupeds, are very red 
and tough. 
The cleft of the mouth is above twenty feet long, which is near one third 
of the animal’s whole length; and the upper jaw is furnished with barbs, 
that lie, like the pipes of an organ, the greatest in the middle, and the 
smallest on the sides. These compose the whalebone, absurdly called fins, 
the longest spars of which are found to be not less than eighteen feet. The 
tongue is almost immoveably fixed to the lower jaw, seeming one great 
lump of fat; and, in fact, it fills several hogsheads with blubber. The eyes 
are not larger than those of an ox; and when the crystalline humor is dried, 
it does not appear larger than a pea. They are placed towards the back 
of the head, being the most convenient situation for enabling them to see 
both before and behind; as also to see over them, where their food is prin- 
cipally found. They are guarded by eyelids and eyelashes, as in quadru- 
peds ; and they seem to be very sharp-sighted. 
Nor is their sense of hearing in less perfection; for they are warned, at 
great distances, of any danger preparing against them. We have already 
observed, that the substance, called whalebone, is taken from the upper jaw 
of the animal, and is very different from the real bones of the whale. The 
real bones are hard, like those of great land animals, are very porous, and 
filled with marrow. T'wo great, strong bones sustain the under lip, lying 
against each other in the shape of a half-moon; some of these are twenty 
feet long. They are often seen in gardens, set up against each other, and 
are usually mistaken for the ribs. 
The fidelity of these animals to each other, exceeds whatever we are told 
of even the constancy of birds. Some fishers, as Anderson informs us, 
having struck one of two whales, a male and a female, that were in com- 
