INSECTA. 805 
the liveliest colors. The scales are imbricated, each has a peauncle, 
and they form in conjunction, a kind of mosaic work, exhibiting the charac- 
teristic figures and colorings of this part. In the large class of Coleoptera, 
in place of upper or anterior wings, two large scales or plates, opaque, more 
or less thick and solid, and which open and shut longitudinally, forms for 
the membranous wings, coverings which are called wing-cases, or elytra, 
(tnvolucra). In the greater part of the Orthoptera, these wing-cases, or upper 
wings, become thick and solid, and are furnished with ribs; in the Hemip- 
tera, they are in a great part membranous; and the gradual transition from 
crustaceous coverings, to membranous and transparent organs, indicate that 
the wing-cases in the Coleoptera, though scarcely contributing to the action 
of flight, are modified wings. The form and disposition of the wings is 
much varied. In some they are straight and extended, or folded longitu- 
dinally like a fan, in repose ; in others, they are folded transversely, as in 
the Coleoptera; and in others again, as the earwig, while one portion of the 
wings is folded transversely, the other takes the fan-like fold. The wings 
vary also in their place of position. In some insects, they are found inclined 
or sloped like a roof; in others they are placed horizontally, lying or crossed 
over one another, or sometimes separated; some, as the butterflies, raise 
their wings vertically in repose; and small hooked sete placed along the 
side of the upper wings, serve to retain the lower ones in their position. 
In the nocturnal Lepidoptera, this is effected by a stiff, scaly, and pointed 
bristle. Among the insects with four wings, the form and relative size of 
these wings vary much. By their rapid motion, they often produce a hum- 
ming sound; and among the males of some Orthoptera, a stridulous noise, 
which has been called their song. This sound is produced by the friction 
of the margins of their elytra upon one another, or by the rubbing of the 
posterior feet against the wings, and is conceived to be produced for the pur- 
pose of calling their females. 
The feet in insects are composed of the hip or cova, of two joints; the 
thigh, (femur,) the leg, (¢ébca,) and the toe, (¢arsus,) divided into many 
phalanges. The number of joints in the tarsi is constantly five in some 
orders; but in others it varies from one to five, and sometimes even the pos 
terior tarsi have a joint less than the anterior ones. Upon the difference in 
these members the principal divisions of the Coleoptera are established. The 
last joint of the tarsi is simple, or divided into two lobes, almost always 
terminated by two claws or hooks, between which, in many, are remarked 
from one to three membranous cushions or suckers. In the form of the 
feet, and particularly the tarsi, there are certain modifications, correspond- 
ing to the habits of the insects. The two anterior ones have sometimes the 
under part of the thighs grooved, and armed with slight dentations; and 
their legs or tarsi, in this case, terminated by a strong spine, fold with 
facility on the side of the thighs, and form an organ of prehension. The 
insects which have the anterior feet disposed in this manner, use them for 
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