QUATERNARY FAUNA OF GIBRALTAR. 109 
imperfect fragments. These bones occurred mostly at considerable depths, and they 
are in the same state of fossilization as the bones of Rhinoceros; whilst others, which 
were found in the upper part of the cavern, exhibit comparatively modern characters, 
and were probably contemporaneous with man. But no distinction otherwise can be 
perceived between the more ancient and the comparatively recent bones. The species, 
therefore, would seem to have enjoyed a continued existence on the Rock from the 
earliest times to the present epoch. 
It would be tedious and superfluous to particularize all the specimens belonging to 
this Cervus, which is probably the larger one mentioned by Cuvier ; but amongst them 
may be noticed the following :— . 
1. Cranium. 
Of this part of the skeleton there are two fragments which afford good characters. 
The larger of these specimens exhibits the greater part of the skull from the occiput 
to the anterior border of the frontal, including a portion of the right orbit. From the 
absence of any indications of an antler it may be regarded as belonging to a female; 
and it corresponds very clearly in form with the skull of a female Cervus elaphus with 
which it was compared, and with that of a Barbary Deer. The following dimensions 
are given in proof of this :— 





Gibraltar C. elaphus | C. barbarus 
skull. OF é. 
’ inches. inches. inches. 
Width at temporal ridge above auditory foramen ............ 4:2 4-1 39 
Length of skull from occipital crest to coronal suture.......... 31 2-9 27 
Greatest width of skull (parietal) 2.0.0... 220% cece bitte vee ee 3°75 35 3:3 


2. Vertebre. 
Although numerous vertebree may be perceived disseminated through the breccia, 
from which it is almost impossible to extract them, very few have been procured in 
such a condition as to admit of accurate determination. 
One, an avis, is represented in Plate a6 fig. 2. Its length is about 4”, and width 
2", at the anterior or atlanteal articulation. It presents, as will be obvious, all the 
characters of the same bone in C. elaphus of rather small size, and probably of the 
variety C. barbarus. 
3. Sacrum. 
The upper portion of a sacrum measures 4'"8 in transverse diameter at the base ; and 
the articular surface of the centrum measures 2:0 x0'-9. This specimen occurred at a 
depth of thirty feet below the stalagmite floor of the cave; and it is heavy, dense, and 
VoL. X.—ParT 11. No, 8.—August Ist, 1877. Q 
