QUATERNARY FAUNA OF GIBRALTAR. 131 
of the Thames. But the forms are for the most part of southern or African affinities. 
Of the leading forms which characterize the northern division of the mammalian fauna 
of the Quaternary period, which ranged over Northern and Central Europe and the 
British Isles, and extended even to the shores of the Mediterranean in the south of 
France, not a vestige has been discovered in Gibraltar: Rhinoceros tichorhinus, Ursus 
speleus, and the Reindeer are alike wanting. 
3. The northern division of this Quaternary fauna as a whole appears to have been 
arrested by the Pyrenees. That the Reindeer existed in vast herds at the foot of the 
French slopes of the chain, and that it was accompanied by Ursus spelewus, Rhinoceros 
tichorhinus, Ovibos moschatus and the Mammoth, is well known. M. Lartet endea- 
voured to trace their Transpyrenean extension upon data furnished by Don Casiano de 
Prado, but was unsuccessful; and up to the present time not a single example of the 
Reindeer has yet been discovered in the Spanish peninsula, or, according to the same 
eminent authority, of Elephas primigenius!. It is interesting, however, to observe that 
the frequent companion of these animals in Northern Europe, the Cave-Hyena, has 
been found near Segovia, and, as we have seen, formerly existed on the Rock of 
Gibraltar. 
4. It is of equal interest, on the other hand, to ascertain what was the northern limit 
of the other different forms ranged under the southern or African group, for which 
inquiry, however, satisfactory data are still wanting. M. Lartet and Don Casiano de 
Prado determined molars of the existing African Elephant at San Isidro, in the neigh- 
bourhood of Madrid. And it was conjectured that the African Rhinoceros (R. dicornis) 
had reached the neighbourhood of Montpellier, from remains discovered in the cave ot 
Lunel-Viel; but Dr. Falconer ascertained that the specimen upon which this conjecture 
was founded is a jaw containing the milk-dentition of a young R. hemitechus, agreeing 
in the closest manner with a corresponding fragment from one of the Gower caves. 
The large Felide have a vast range of distribution, the Lion extending from India to 
Babylon, and within the historic period to Thrace on the one side, and on the other 
from the southernmost point of Africa to Mauritania, and, if it be the case (as there is 
every reason to believe) that the Cave-Lion is specifically identical, having extended in 
the Pleistocene period to the north of Britain. The Leopard, if we regard the African 
and Asiatic varieties as of one species, has also a wide range of distribution. As we 
have seen, it certainly occurs in the Gibraltar cave-fauna; and it appears to have 
ranged into Italy, France, Britain, and Central Europe, under the name of Felis antiqua, 
as a Quaternary form. Hyena crocuta, under the name of H. spelea, is still more 
generally spread ; whilst, under the appellation of H. intermedia, we find the southern 
and eastern form of H. striata in the cavern of Lunel-Viel &c. 
* Remains of the Mammoth, as I have been informed by Professor Leith Adams, haye more lately been met 
with in the north of the peninsula. 
