288 PROFESSOR W. K. PARKER ON THE 
Part I. pl. lv.). Instead of the large nerve-bridges of the Tits (figs. 1, 3, 5, s. 2), the 
septal base is suddenly narrowed there for a short tract in front of the great “ notch,” 
and then the trabecule (¢7) reassert themselves as a large lanceolate leafy structure, 
which runs small in front. ‘This front part is not calcified; the rest is quite hard ; 
and the recurrent flaps are not to be found, as though the trabecule had run to fine 
straightened-out points. This leafy base of the septum has its median part grooved 
and its edges recurved; so that it is like the leaf of Magnolia grandiflora turned upside 
down. The large size of these ale, and the coiling of their edges as though to con- 
vert them into a pair of median “turbinals,” are peculiar to this type; I have not met 
with this modification so fully developed in any other. A crescentic portion of the 
nasal wall appears on each side of the prepalatine; and all the outside part to the 
external nostril (fig. 9, ¢.”, al.) is soft. 
The olfactory region (e.eth, p.p) does not differ sensibly from that of the Paride. 
The upper part projects moderately; the pars plana is a large mass with a round 
emargination outside, and a roundish foot ; the nerve-passage is single; there is no os 
uncinatum, and no apparent lacrymal. Several of these latter characters correspond 
not only with what is seen in Titmice, but also in many of the soft-bills; they cannot 
be made to weigh much on the Parine side. Nor, indeed, can the clinging incurved 
legs of the vomer, seeing that this, although a good character, does not belong by 
absolute right to the Tits. 
Looking right and left for relationships for Panwrus, it seems evident that this 
bird, here at any rate, is “a stranger in a strange land;” we therefore look abroad 
for some cognate type near it, if not of the same precise family. 
Example 61. Liothria, sp. Family “ Liotrichide,” Newton!. Group Oscines. 
Habitat. Indian region. 
The general form of the skull and face in this species is exceedingly like that of 
the last; it is, however, one third larger, and has a longer and less decurved rostrum, a 
character which gives it a more normally tenuirostral appearance. 
The pterygoids (Plate LII. fig. 10, pg, e.pq) are less long and slender than in Panurus, 
and the epipterygoid hook is more developed. None of its spatulate end has been 
yielded to the palatine as a mesopterygoid. The palatines are very similar in both 
types; but the transpalatine angle (¢.pq) is broader and has a more arcuate outer side. 
The ethmo-palatine spurs (¢.pa) are longer; but the prepalatine (pr.pa) is quite alike in 
both. 
The vomer (v) is quite like that of Panurus, but smaller; the ossification is feebler 
1 Professor Newton, in a letter to me, July 14, 1875, says :—‘“It seems to form a family of its own, ‘ Lio- 
trichide ;’ how many more genera go with it, I do not know. They are all, I think, from the Indian region, 
but just creep into the Palearctic (according to my view)—one species, I believe, occurring in Thibet.” 
