AXIAL SKELETON OF THE PELECANID. 339 
tion compared with those of the seventh vertebra that they may be regarded as being rather 
catapophysial than parapophysial. Thus a change takes place here, resembling that de- 
scribed as taking place in passing from the sixth to the seventh vertebra of Pelecanus. 
The same contrasts takes place with its angles of articulation with adjacent vertebre 
as in the eighth vertebra of Pelecanus. 
The NINTH VERTEBRA, as in Pelecanus, exaggerates the characters of the eighth. Its 
preaxial part is still more, as it were, pressed backwards (postaxiad) and downwards 
(ventrad). In it, however, the hemal arch is still generally incomplete!. The neural 
spine is a short strong process, higher and more marked than in the eighth vertebra. 
Each hyperapophysis appears as a short but strongly projecting process, a line from 
which to its fellow of the opposite side passes just behind the neural spine. The 
metapophyses are again more developed, and project sharply dorsad externally to the 
preezygapophyses; and each has two lateral and small prominences (tubercles) below it 
on the external margin of the process, which, as a whole, is concave postaxially with a 
median vertical ridge. Considerably ventrad of these tubercles is the small prominence 
of the parapophysis (p), separated by a narrow groove from the long styloid rib-like 
process, which is here plainly catapophysial, developing processes mesiad and preaxiad, 
which may sometimes? meet to form a hemal arch, though this is not generally 
developed till in the next vertebra. Either this ninth vertebra, or else the next, has 
the largest styloid ribs (Plate LVI. figs. 18-21). 
The TENTH VERTEBRA is like the eighth, except that all the processes are smaller— 
notably the neural spine and postzygapophyses. ‘The metapophysis still bears the 
three tubercles on its external margin, and has the vertical ridge behind. There is a 
hemal arch which is somewhat antero-posteriorly grooved medianly. The parapo- 
physes are generally a little less marked than in the ninth vertebra (Plate LVI. figs. 
22-24). 
The ELEVENTH, TWELFTH, and THIRTEENTH VERTEBR& become slightly shorter succes- 
sively. They present the general characters of those of Pelecanus, due allowance being 
made for the shortness of the bones. Here also, as in Pelecanus, the postzygapophyses 
fail in the twelfth vertebra for the first time in the whole vertebral column to attain 
the postaxial limit of the hinder end of the centrum. 
The hzmal arch advances preaxiad more in front of the preaxial end of the centrum 
than in Pelecanus. ‘The three lateral metapophysial tubercles are still conspicuous; 
but in the twelfth and thirteenth vertebre the parapophyses have become undistinguish- 
ably united with the side of the rib-like styloid catapophysial process. 
The FOURTEENTH VERTEBRA differs from that of Pelecanus in that the hemal arch is 
suddenly and entirely wanting; and there is even no trace of a catapophysis, the 
postero-ventral prominence of the bony ring enclosing the lateral vertebral canal 
being purely parapophysial. 
’ Complete in 5278 in the British Museum. ? As, ¢.g., in No. 7794 in the British Museum, 
VOL. X.—PART VII. No. 4.—August 1st, 1878. 3A 
