AXIAL SKELETON OF THE PELECANIDA. 347 
seventh vertebra, though the hyperapophyses have come to join and diverge from the 
neural spines. ‘Thus this vertebra is like the seventh of Pelecanus. Sula is intermediate, 
since in it the seventh vertebra does not bifurcate postaxially, as in Pelecanus, yet the 
preaxial part of the eighth is more pressed back than that of the seventh of Pelecanus, 
and less so than that of its eighth vertebra. 
The postzygapophyses look more externad than either in Pelecanus or Sula. 
The styloid processes are much larger than in the seventh vertebra. 
In the eighth vertebra the styloid process has come to start rather from the middle 
than from the external border of the groove on each side of the preaxial part of the 
median subcentral groove. It has thus become rather catapophysial than parapo- 
physial, and the same change has taken place here as has been described as occurring 
in the corresponding vertebra of Sula. 
The NINTH VERTEBRA (Plate LVII. figs. 17-20) is, like the ninth of Sula, elongated ; 
but the neural spine is smaller, and the preezygapophyses look more mesiad. It evidently 
corresponds with the eighth of Pelecanus, though there is no hemal arch, it being the 
first one in which the preaxial part of the vertebra is pressed in postaxiad, with a trans- 
verse constriction behind the prezygapophyses. ‘The three tubercles outside the pleura- 
pophysial lamella are distinctly developed, with the parapophysial projection below them, 
as in Sula. The rib-like styloid processes are larger and more slender than in the eighth 
vertebra, and much more so than in the ninth vertebra of Sula. 
The TENTH VERTEBRA (Plate LVII. figs. 21-23) is, like the tenth of Sula, somewhat 
drawn out; but there is no hemal arch}. In this and the preceding vertebra in Sula 
the rib-like styloid process is antero-posteriorly grooved on its ventral surface—not so in 
Phalacrocoraz. 
The ELEVENTH, TWELFTH (Plate LVII. fig. 24), and THIRTEENTH VERTEBR& are, like 
those of Sula, somewhat lengthened; but in none is the hemal arch completely closed 
ventrally. In the eleventh vertebra the postzygapophyses fail, for the first time, to attain 
the postaxial limit of the centrum. In the last of these vertebrz the styloid rib-like 
process reverts to its condition in the seventh vertebra, inasmuch asit here again extends 
from the external margin of the lateral antero-posterior subcentral groove; 7. é. it is again 
rather parapophysial; and the parapophysial projection, distinct in the ninth, tenth, 
and eleventh vertebre, has here coalesced with the root of the rib-like process. 
The FOURTEENTH VERTEBRA is substantially like that of Sula’s fourteenth vertebra; 
but when viewed dorsally it is more constricted laterally, the preezygapophyses look more 
directly mediad; the neural spine is more developed, ending in a sharp dorsad and 
postaxiad process at its postaxial end. Viewed laterally, a large, median, laterally 
compressed hypapophysis here appears suddenly for the first time, largely perforated 

do so already in the sixth vertebra. In all three genera the processes begin again to project postaxiad of the 
articular surface in the fifteenth or sixteenth vertebra. 
» The styloid ribs are excessively long in this and adjacent vertebrae of 1182 c in the College of Surgeons, 
VOL, X.—ParT vil. No. 5.— August 1st, 1878. 3B 
