568 PROF. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE 
hemal arch. The postzygapophyses of the eleventh vertebra hardly reach, if they do 
reach, the postaxial end of its centrum; the postzygapophyses of the twelfth vertebra 
fail decidedly to extend postaxiad as far as the centrum. Thirteenth vertebra with a 
hemal arch; but this part is suddenly wanting in fourteenth ; fifteenth, sixteenth, and 
seventeenth vertebree with only a slight median ridge instead of a marked hypapo- 
physis; postero-external angles of centrum of eighteenth vertebra not drawn out into 
triangular processes; nineteenth vertebra without a hypapophysis, and only slightly 
compressed laterally. Dorsa of tenth to fourteenth cervical vertebree not even much 
flattened, and therefore certainly not antero-posteriorly grooved. No notable lateral 
compression of vertebral centra, but most developed in from twenty-first to twenty-fifth 
vertebree ; vertebree fourteenth to seventeenth flattened beneath ; no vertebre opistho- 
ceelous; parapophyses of second sacral vertebra very much stronger than those of the 
first; parapophyses of sacro-caudal vertebre suddenly bent dorsad. Ilio-caudal pro- 
cesses either truncated or pointed; obturator-foramen oval, relatively longer than in 
Pelecanus; sacro-sciatic foramina visible when the pelvis is viewed dorsally ; transverse 
diameter of pelvis between its antitrochanteric processes only slightly in excess of that 
of most preaxial part of ilia; lateral acetabular fosse considerable and triangular; no 
supraacetabular fosse; pelvis of moderate length ; postaxial half of external margins 
of ischium concave; ventral surface of conjoined ischium and ilium very small; ventral 
surface of the ischium strongly ridged ; ischium, external to obturator-foramen, narrow. 
Pygostyle long, prismatic, ventrally flattened, and with a strong dorsal ridge; its ventral 
margin strongly concave. All but the last two long vertebral ribs with uncinate 
processes ; last sternal ribs not expanded proximally. Sternum more than twice as long 
as broad; lateral xiphoid processes somewhat spatulate; pleurosteon more narrowed 
dorso-ventrally than in Pelecanus, but with five articular surfaces. 
PHALACROCORAX. 
Cervical vertebre 17 or 18, cervico-dorsal 3 or 2, together 20; dorsal 5, lumbar 
4 or 5, lumbo-sacral 1-3, sacral 1 or 2, sacro-caudal 7 or 8; caudal, without pygostyle, 
5-8: total 46-49. Vertebral ribs 7 or 8, sternal ribs 5. Vertebre generally but little 
swollen or pneumatic; styloid processes long and yery slender; anterior cervical 
vertebre rather shorter relatively than in Pelecanus; eighth and tenth vertebre bend 
dorsad from ninth ; hypapophyses large in the first to fourth and fourteenth to twenty- 
seventh vertebre, large in dorsal aud lumbo-sacral regions ; neural spine most prominent 
in the seventh, eighth, and ninth of all the cervical vertebra ; no vertebra with a com- 
plete hemal arch; no lateral ridges beneath fifteenth to twenty-sixth vertebre ; ridges 
and processes generally very sharp; metapophyses relatively very large and prominent 
indeed. Atlas with an odontoid foramen, and with three hypapophyses ; axis with very 
long hypapophysis, moderate hyperapophyses, and no lateral foramen leading into 
centrum ; third vertebra with very long hypapophysis, wide and very short lateral 
