THE RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY. 373 



various types :ind forms of life made their successive appearance on 

 the earth; and they are in consequence the clearest and most widely 

 accepted evidences of the doctrine of biological evolution. And, 

 further, the more minutely they are arranged in stratigraphical detail 

 and the greater the numlier of species, varieties, or mutations which, 

 are arranged under each horizon, the sooner will ])iologists ha^•e at 

 their command the necessary materials enabling them to solve those 

 great outstanding problems that bear upon the laws whicli have ruled 

 in the origin, variation, and distribution of species. 



GEOLOGY AND GEOGKAPHY. 



Turning next to the relations between geography and geology, we 

 ma}" say, perhaps, that there are no two sciences more intimately con- 

 nected or more mutualh' beneficial. I have alread}- i-eferred to the 

 natural claim of some geologists that, logical h', geolog}' includes all 

 that is contained in the stud}' of the earth. But it might better, per- 

 haps, be said tliat geology and geography share much of this collective 

 study between them. Geology deals witli the past of the glolje and 

 geography with its present — the former having, so to speak, the 

 charge of its history, and the latter of its politics. The surface of the 

 globe is their common limit, and in a wa}' their common property. All 

 that comes above that surface lies within the province of geograph}^; 

 all that comes below that surface lies inside the realm of geology. The 

 surface of the earth is that which, so to speak, divides them and at 

 the same time "binds them together in indissoluble union.""' AVe may, 

 perhaps, put the case metaphoricall}-. The relationships of the two 

 are rather like that of man and wife. Geography, like a prudent 

 woman, has followed the sage advice of Shakespeare and taken unto 

 her "an elder than herself;'' but she does not trespass on the domain 

 of her consort, nor could she possibly maintain the respect of her chil- 

 dren were she to flaunt before the world the assertion that she is "a 

 woman with a past." 



It is almost superfluous even to hint at the aid afforded by physical 

 geography to physical geolog}^, or to attempt to show how mutually 

 dependent the two have always been one upon the other. At first geol- 

 ogy was looked upon merely as a branch of phvsical geography. De 

 Saussure, who first gave the name of geology to our science, was him- 

 self in the front rank of the physical geographers of his da}'. The 

 study of the whole array of terrestrial phenomena described l)y the 

 physical geographer is, if anything, even more necessary to the edu- 

 cational outfit of the young geologist than the study of mineralogy 

 and chemistry. Without the aid afforded by the study of the present 

 phenomena, which properly fall within the ken of the physical geog- 

 rapher, "the conquests of Hutton and Lyell would never have been 

 achieved, and the true philosophy of geology would have been 

 impossible." 



