THE EVOLUTION" 6F THE HTJMAK FOOT. 



527 



taken through the second toe, he obtained the following results, to 

 cite only the most characteristic: 



Peruvians 9 31. 50 



PolyneHians ? , 32. 30 



Negros 9 33.4-5 



Europeans 9 - 34. 30 



M. Volkov has also compared the posterior breadth of the calcaneum 

 with the length of the foot and of the calcaneum itself. This breadth 

 is proportionatel}^ less in climbers than in walkers, 

 the Pitheci surpassing the Cebidte in this respect, 

 and man surpassing the anthropoids. When stud- / ut 

 ied in the human species this ratio is found to be 

 relativeh' greater in Europeans than in persons 

 belonging to the primitive races. New-born Euro- 

 peans resemble in this respect the lower races, even 

 standing between the chimpanzee and the gorilla. V,— >.».__^.^/^ 

 The lesser process of the calcaneum, the sus- / ^ S. 

 taining bracket of the walking foot, is broader in 

 monkeys that walk than in those that are exclu- 

 sively arboreal, among the Pitheci than among the r \ ^^.c 



Cebidffi. Among the anthropoids the orang has . 

 the smallest and narrowest process; he is also the 

 most completely arboreal of tlie entire class; he pm ,;._,. akaneum t.. show- 

 never walks. However this may be, the lesser the development of tiie 



,, ,, , . , " I . lesser process (infei or 



process ot the calcaneum is always ver}^ long in ,„rface). i, Orang. n, 

 monkeys. In man, perfectly adapted to walking Negro, in, European. 

 erect on two feet, it is, on the contrary, very short, l)ecause of the 

 formation of the arch, of which details will be given further on.- In 

 men of the inferior races it is much more developed than with us, and 

 reaches almost simian dimensions. Because of the formation of the 

 arch it is set farther up in man than in inonkevs, and we see again 

 that the Melanesian, for example, has in this respect an intermediate 

 position between the gorilla and the European. 



-#-.,C 



Fir.. 7. — Calcaneum, showing the posit ion and development of the lesser process. 1, Gorilla. 2, Negrito, 



3, European: r, lesser process. 



With regard to the length of tiie heel, its minimum width and its 

 relative lunght, we will only I'cpoat what has been said above for the 

 other characters. These dimensions are greater in walkers than \n 

 climbers, in man than in monkeys, and primitive man is again found 



