5r)(> S'LTTDIKS ON" THE MENTAL LIFE OF ANIMALS. 



and then jumping down. >io. t'4 had been previously taught to get 

 out at the hole. No. 66 had no experience with the two methods of 

 exit. After 9 minutes !^0 seconds. No, 66 went out by the inclined 

 plane, although No, 64: had in the meantime crawled out under the 

 screen 9 times. It was impossible to judge how many times No. 66 

 really saw No. 64: do this. He was looking in that direction 5 times. 



Similar experiments Avere made with other chickens, utilizing other 

 methods of exit indicated above — pecking at the door, jumping on a 

 little platform, etc. Certain ones especially may be mentioned which 

 were made with 8 chickens (Nos. 80 to 87) ranging in age from 16 to 

 'M) days. Each was put in and left alone from 60 to 80 seconds, then 

 another was introduced who knew the means of exit. The experi- 

 ments were numerous. Chic^ken No. 80, for example, saw his com- 

 panion go, out 54: times; he failed completely, notwithstanding the 

 long duration of the attempt ((50 minutes). There was but one excep- 

 tion, No. 82, W'ho finally escaped at the end of 8 minutes 40 seconds; 

 the method of escape was effected by stepping upon a platform; and 

 the author considers that in this case the successfnl attempt was purely 



accidental. The conclu- 



C 



C 



3 



A 



Vie.. 11. — Imitation in chickens. 



sion reached, then, is that 

 these animals do not imi- I 

 tate. ' 



2. Exptriinenta tvlt/i 

 caU. — The box used for . f^ 



these experiments was 

 arranged in two com- 

 partments separated by a wire screen. The larger of these had a 

 front of wooden bars, with a door which fell open when a string- 

 stretched across the tiop Avas bitten or clawed down. The smaller was 

 closed by boards on three sides and l)v the wire screen on the fourth. 

 The subject was placed in tiie latter compartment. The cat who was 

 to serve as guide was placed in the other. The subject could in this 

 way observe his guide, see him pull the string, go out, and eat the tish. 

 Record A\as made of the time during which the subject was looking at 

 his companion. The latter, at fixed intervals — 48 hours, 24 hours — 

 repeated a certain numl^er of times the act of going out. Then the 

 subject was in his turn placed in the large compartment from which 

 he was to attempt to get out. The time elapsing between his entry 

 and the moment of his pulling the string was noted. If he failed in 

 .5 or 10 or 15 minutes to do so, he was released and not fed. 



As regards their general behavior, it is to be noted that the cats 

 that here served as subjects behaved exactly as those did who were 

 put in the same position without ever having under their eyes a com- 

 panion as a model. They struggled as usual without ever noticing 

 the liberating string. The example of the cat used as a guide was of 



