PSYCHICAL FACULTIES OF ANTS AND OTHEE INSECTS. 599 



enmities and even their old parent hive, .so that they return to it no 

 more. If, however, the hive was painted bhie and the swarm is 

 broken up b}' taking away the queen, the bees remember the lilue 

 color of their old hive and fly to hives that have been painted l)lue. 

 In a vswarm of restless, angrily buzzing bees who have lost their queen 

 two emotions often conflict — that of enmity to strange bees and that of 

 a need for a new queen. If a strange queen is now artificially intro- 

 duced, they will maltreat or kill her, because the former emotion at 

 first prevails. The bee keepers therefore give them a strange queen 

 confined in a cage of wire gauze. The stranger odor then excites 

 them less because it is more distant, and thev can not maltreat the 

 queen. Thereupon they soon recognize the specific queen odor and 

 can feed the strange queen through the meshes of the wire with their 

 trunks. This suflices to immediately quiet the hive. Therefore the 

 second emotion quickly prevails, the workers soon become accustomed 

 to the stranger odor, and after three or four days the queen can be 

 freed without danger. 



Among ants the love for dainties may be made to conflict with the 

 sense of dut}" by allowing a colony of invading enemies to attack and 

 then strewing honey in the path of the defenders that come streaming 

 out. I did this with Formiea pratensh. At first the ants tasted the 

 honey quite a little, but only for a moment. The sense of dutv con- 

 quered and all, without exception, hastened to the battle, for the most 

 part to death. Here the higher resolve or instinct prevailed over a 

 lower inclination. 



I must to-day again maintain a thesis which I first advanced in 1877 

 at the time of my installation as privat-docent in the Munich school 

 for higher instruction: 



All the peculiarities of the human soul can be derived from the peculiarities of the 

 souls of the higher animals. 



I will now add to this the following: "And all the peculiarities of 

 the souls of higher animals can be derived from those of lower ani- 

 mals." In other words, the doctrine of evolution is just as applicable 

 in the psychical field as in the other fields of organic life. Through- 

 out all the variety of animal forms and their conditions of existence 

 the psychical functions of the nerve elements yet appear in all cases 

 to obey certain elementar}" laws, even where the differences are so 

 great that this wotdd be least expected. 



SM 1903 39 



