FROZEN MAMMOTH IN SIBERIA. 615 



part will be saved by bandages. In the midst of the yellowish-brown 

 under wool, which in color resembles the summer coat of a young 

 camel, there are very thickly set hairs of the bristly coat 10 to 12 

 centimeters long. The color of this hair on the under side of the leg 

 may best be described as roan, while that on the outer and inner side 

 up to the middle of the forearm is dark brown, somewhat lighter at 

 the ends. Five hoof-shaped blunt nails could also be seen at the end 

 of the digits. 



The wool of the left hind leg, varying in color from rust-brown to 

 roan, was not so thick as upon the fore leg, judging b}^ the loosened 

 remains of the hair, and the yellowish-brown under coat was here a 

 little shorter. The length of the ragged end hairs varies from 4 to 12 

 centimeters. The roots of the hair had rotted away together with 

 the epidermis. 



After midday we dug away the mound of earth to a depth of 2 A 

 meters on the right side of the mammoth. In the mound, l3'ing 

 between the upper layer of earth and the vertical ice wall, roots and 

 other parts of trees and also bowlders were found lodged. Under 

 this layer of earth, 2i meters thick, I first struck water ice 18 centi- 

 meters thick, caused b}^ a thaw; then a thin layer of earth; under this 

 again another layer of ice, and then the right fore leg of the mammoth 

 came to view. The wool that had probably covered the upper side of 

 this leg was entirely gone, most likely torn away by the sliding masses 

 of ice and earth. The same was true of the wool on the other sides of 

 the animal. 



The right fore leg was so placed as to indicate that the mammoth 

 after falling had supported himself on this leg while attempting to 

 step forward with the left one. We concluded that while in this stand- 

 ing position he became exhausted and died on this very spot, and that 

 he had by no means been washed there by the water from elsewhere. 

 The presence of a thick wool shows that the animal was well adapted 

 to endure cold, and it is improbable that he died from hunger, for a 

 large quantity of fragments of food was in his stomach. His head 

 faces south. 



Sepfern.her 13.— To-day we took photographs. 1 searched the vicinity 

 for bones of other animals and found horns of the northern deer l3'ing 

 about everywhere. 



Septemher llf. — In an cfl^ort to find remnants of the trunk, I ordered 

 that the mound be opened up farther south and southeastw^ard, but I 

 did not find them. This part was no doubt exposed before the rest 

 and had long ago (nther decayed or been devoured. I examined every 

 shovelful of earth, but I found only indefinite fragments of very brit- 

 tle hair, and that was all. 



A bone found 1.82 meters to the south of the right cavity was sub- 

 sequently determined to be a part of the skull of a northern deer. 

 SM 1903 40 



