FROZEN MAMMOTH IN SIBERIA. 621 



part of the ribs, and then cleaned part of the stomach, which contained 

 an immense quantity of food remnants. The walls of the stomach 

 first exposed were dark coffee-brown, almost black in color, and were 

 badly decayed and torn, even where they were not injured mechan- 

 ically. 



In the afternoon we severed the left fore leg between the shoulder 

 and forearm in hopes of saving the wool, which still clung to the leg, 

 and which might have fallen away during subsequent tha^wing. 

 Besides, this amputation was made necessary by the left side of the 

 abdomen. 



Octoher 5. — To-day we first skinned the left side and exposed several 

 ribs, which were mostl}^ very well preserved. The stomach with its 

 contents is becoming more and more exposed, while the other organs 

 are destroj^ed. Then we skinned the head, of which the following 

 parts were preserved: The cheeks, the right e3'elid with the deep e3"e- 

 lash fold, part of the skin from the sinciput, three-fouilhs of the 

 upper lip, and the very well-preserved under lip. This latter was also 

 beset b}' scattered spines or bristles, which, however, adhered to the 

 ground and were mixed up with other hair, so that it was impossible 

 to pick them out. The skin from the head, which was already deca3'^ed 

 in several places, we immediatel}^ treated with alum and salt. 



In the afternoon we removed the left shoulder, upon which, how- 

 ever, we allowed the tendon and muscular fibers to remain. 



The flesh from under the shoulder, which is fibrous and marbled 

 with fat, is dark red in color and looks as fresh as well-frozen beef or 

 horse meat. It looked so appetizing that w.e wondered for some time 

 whether we should not taste it, but no one would venture to take it into 

 his mouth, and horseflesh was given the preference. The dogs cleaned 

 up whatever mammoth meat was thrown to them. 



The layer of fat beneath the skin is 9 centimeters thick. It is 

 white, odorless, spongy, and readily cut. The flesh between the ribs 

 and skin, as well as the membrane under the ribs, could easih' be pulled 

 off in separate laj^ers without special effort. 



The skin on the left shoulder is 19 millimeters thick, and on the 

 right side 23 millimeters. 



The Ifig bunches of hair that stuck in the frozen ground near the 

 lower lip, and which belonged to the chin and chest, are 36 centimeters 

 long, torn as the}^ are. " Estimating the broken-off ends to be one- 

 third the entire length (based on the thickness of the hair at tiie break), 

 we may assume that these hairs were approximately^ 50 centimeters 

 long. The bristly hairs which stuck in the ground immediateh' 

 behind the lower lip are black, while those pointing to the fore legs 

 are ash-blonde in color. In view of the fact that it is impossible to 

 pick out these hairs urn'njured, I shall save the entire clod of earth in 

 a frozen state. 



