688 THE ANCIENT HITTITES. 



Soon after TOO k. c. the Indo-German Kino-doiii of Midas of Phrygia, 

 disappeared tlirouoh the shock of the Cynibrian iiimiigration. The 

 Lydian G^yg'es, perhaps a lieg'e man of Midas, took advantage of the 

 confusion to establish upon the ruins of the Phr^^gian Kingdom, as 

 successor to its power, a Ljxlian Kingdom, which again was most 

 probabl}^ Hittite. East of it, in Capi)adocia and Cilicia, we see during 

 the last years of the Assyrian Empire, from about 660 b. c. down, the 

 gradual formation of a new^ Kingdom of Chilakku (= Cilicia, but extend- 

 ing much farther north than the later province), which soon after the 

 fall of Nineveh, in 606 b. c, appears under S3^ennesis, at the time of 

 Nebuchadnezzar, as the fourth great power of the Orient alongside of 

 L3Hlia, Media, 5uid Bal)ylonia, and together with Nebuchadnezzar 

 mediates, in 585 b. c, the peace l)etween Alyattes of Lydia and 

 Kyaxares of Media. Judging from the names of the kings, we should 

 also consider this Kingdom of Chilakku as Hittite. It was only the 

 conquest of Asia Minor by the Persians under Cyrus that put an end 

 to this and to the Lydian Kingdoms, and thus also to the last Hittite 

 state formations on a large scale. 



This is the development on tlu* western stage. But we also meet 

 Hittite States farther east in Armenia. Shalmaneser I (in 1275 B.C.) and 

 Tiglath-Pileser 1 (in 1100 b. v.) came across a series of peoples in the 

 mountains of Armenia, west and south of Lake Van, which we must 

 consider as Hittites, since the Kummuch (see above) are among them, 

 and agreements in the names also support this assumption. At first we 

 meet here a series of isolated tribes. From 850 B.C., however, probably 

 in consequence of new inunigrations, a great empire is being formed 

 around Lake Van, which for two centuries was a dangerous rival of 

 Assyria. The Assyrians call it Urartu, the native inscriptions Biaina. 

 Its center is the city of Thuspa (modern Van) on the eastern coast of 

 Lake Van. In the times of its greatest power it extended from the 

 Araxes to Melitene, Syria, and southeast to I^ake Urmia. Its power, 

 broken by Sargon, was annihilated through the Iiido-(Termanic innni- 

 gration in the seventh century b. c. 



As meager as is our acquaintance with the history of the Hittite 

 peoples, so also is our knowledge of their civilization, for accurate 

 knowledge results almost exclusively from comprehensive and careful 

 excavations. But as regards the territory under consideration, exca- 

 vations by the German Orient connnittee have been made only at 

 Senjirli, in North Syria, a few days' journey from the Bay of Isken- 

 derun. The English have made excavations east of the point men- 

 tioned, at Carchemisli (at present Jerabis) on the P^uph rates, and the 

 French at Boghazkeu and Ueynek, in the interior of Asia Minor, in 

 Cappadocia, while excavations have been made l)}^ the English, Ger- 

 mans, and natives in Armenia, on the eastern coast of Lake Van. 

 What other monuments of Hittite civilization have become known to 



