694 THE ANCIENT HITTITES. 



kind of t\ylinder. While it usually has a rim bent upward and is 

 without ornaments, those on the reliefs of Boghazkeu exhibit perpen- 

 dicular stripes, are notched at the top and lack the rim. In this form 

 it is the starting point for the head gear of later representations of the 

 goddess C3d)ele, termed the "mural crown." A head gear common to 

 both sexes is a round, closel}' fitting cap, sometimes ornamented with 

 perpendicular stripes, horizontal rows of rosettes, or with small 

 rosette-shaped settings on the front which perhaps consisted of pre- 

 cious stones. In isolated cases there is also found, as head gear for 

 men, a cap with a tassel, just like the modern Turkish fez. 



The foot gear of the Ilittites is a shoe with turned-up tips. It is 

 found among many mountain inhabitants, as the turned-up point pro- 

 tects the toes better than the straight shoe. In several cases the 

 figures wear sandals, consisting of a flat piece of leather held by 

 thongs under the foot, the heel lacing provided with a cap for better 

 protection. 



Few ornaments can be discerned upon the monuments. Wrists 

 and ankles are occasionall}' adorned with rings. Earrings frequently 

 occur as ornaments also of men. In one case a necklace is seen on a 

 woman. Women are usuall}^ represented with a mirror in one band, 

 while the other hand holds either an object required by the situation 

 portrayed or something resembling a pomegranate or a spindle. The 

 men carry a staff as a mark of dignity. The priestly or royal mark 

 of special dignity seems to have been the crook, carried with the 

 curved end downward. 



The army of the Hittites was composed of foot soldiers and chari- 

 oteers, horsemen being of rare occurrence on the reliefs. The foot 

 soldiers wear, as far as can be ascertained, a shoi't coat, pointed cap, 

 and boots. The chief arms are bows and arrows. By their side are 

 also seen a long lance, club, double-edged axe, single and double 

 edged sword, and a sickle-shaped sword. The handle of the common 

 sword terminates at the upper end in a globular knob. On the native 

 monuments no helmet can be recognized. But the Egyptian repre- 

 sentations of Hittite nobles and charioteers exhibit a low morion, 

 round on the top, with a hair tuft. The shield is either quadrangular 

 or of the form of the so-called Pontian Amazon shield, approaching 

 the outline of an 8. The war chariot is a low box, open in the rear, 

 resting upon two Avheels, and drawn by two horses. On each side is 

 a quiver, while the rear part holds the lance. The Egyptians empha- 

 size the fact that each Hittite chariot had three warriors — the chari- 

 oteer, the shield-bearer, and the bowman, because it differed from 

 their own custom. Upon the Hittite representations the shield-bearer 

 is lacking. This, however, is accounted for b}' the circumstance that 

 they all depict hunting and not war scenes. 



