THREE EXTINCT SPECIES OF ELEPHANT. 231 
that any determinations I have made in this matter are open to future rectification. 
I have, however, in the following paper thought that it would be most convenient to 
consider what I regard as the remains of each species separately, in its mature and im- 
mature states, and I shall therefore commence with the large species. 
§ Il. Exepuas, sp.? (Plates XLIV., XLV.). 
There are between twenty and thirty fragments of bones belonging to an Elephant of 
considerable size, which in fact may be judged to have attained nearly, if not quite, eight 
feet in height. But of these fragments there are only three or four which it will be 
necessary or useful to describe in any detail. The remainder consist of various-sized 
irregular fragments of long and flat bones, including the cranium and pelvis, which are 
too imperfect to allow them to be turned to any useful purpose. 
The more readily identifiable portions of the adult skeleton consist only of (1) the 
symphysial portion of the lower jaw, (2) a large portion of the head of the left (2) 
humerus, and (3) a nearly complete spine of probably the 17th or 18th dorsal 
vertebra. Beside these may be briefly noticed:—a large fragment of a femur, appa- 
rently of even greater proportional dimensions than the other bones; a considerable 
fragment of the spinous process of another dorsal vertebra; and a considerable frag- 
ment of a tusk near the base. 
1. Of these, by far the most important fragment is the portion of the lower jaw 
(Pl. XLIV, fig.1). It is evidently that of a mature, if not aged, animal; and it consists of 
the entire symphysis, and a portion of the ramus on either side, about 4 inches in length, 
measured along the lower border. ‘The upper border on each side is broken off on a level 
with the large mental foramen and canal, which is thus represented on either side by a shal- 
low groove, more than 0:5 in width. The rostrum, or prolonged beak of the symphysis, if 
it existed, is broken off, the fracture extending chiefly to the left side. The fractured sur- 
face looks as if it were in part of ancient, and in part of recent date ; and there are several 
other marks on the under surface of the bone, which show that it has been recently sub- 
jected to rough usage with a sharpish or pointed instrument, probably a. pickaxe or geolo- 
gical hammer, Owing to the circumstance that the fracture at the apex of the symphysis 
is chiefly on the left side, the right border of the symphysial gutter remains almost 
entire, as does also a considerable portion of the left border above and behind the 
broken part ; an accurate measure, therefore, of the width of the gutter can be taken, and 
its exact form perceived, whilst at the same time the angle at which its borders descend 
can be determined. ‘The width of the gutter at the highest point at which it can be 
measured, and nearly on a level with the mental foramen, is about 2"; and its borders 
descend in front almost vertically downwards, as in Elephas primigenius and in old 
E. indicus, As before said, it is extremely doubtful, from the appearance of the borders 
of the gutter, whether there was any rostral prolongation whatever. The depth of the 
symphysis, measured in a vertical direction from the bottom of the symphysial gutter, 
