232 MR. BUSK ON THE REMAINS OF 
is 2'-15. In two lower jaws of a mature African Elephant, at the College of Surgeons, 
the width of the symphysial gutter at the same point as in the Maltese fossil is 2'°6, 
and in a third (female) 23. In the Indian Elephant the mean width of the gutter at 
the same point is about 1-9, varying from 1""8 to 20. As regards the width of this 
part alone, therefore, the Maltese specimen would seem to correspond more closely with 
the Asiatic than with the African species; but in the former the vertical depth of the 
symphysis is about 3-5, and in the African 2’”°7 ; so that, as compared with either of these 
species, the symphysial gutter is wider in the Maltese specimen in proportion to the depth 
of the symphysis. But when compared with a very perfect mandible of E. primigenius 
in the College of Surgeons, the width of the gutter is precisely the same, viz. 2-0, 
and the depth of the symphysis also pretty nearly equal. Consequently we may conclude, 
so far as such a character will allow us, that the Maltese large Elephant had, as regards 
the mandible, more of the characters of EL. primigenius than of either of the existing 
species. The mental foramen, which, as has been said, must have been about 07:5 
in diameter, is placed about 1-0 behind the edge of the symphysial gutter. The 
distance between the two openings in a transverse line is about 2”-7, whilst in the 
Indian Elephant the corresponding distance is about 4-0, and in the African 67-5; 
whilst in the Mammoth already referred to it is 68. It may here be remarked that 
the mental foramina are placed much nearer the border of the gutter in the Indian 
than in the African species, or, I believe, than in the Mammoth; consequently in their 
comparatively distant position from the edge in the Maltese fossil, the latter approaches 
the African more than the Indian Elephant. 
From the very obtuse angle at which the rami meet at the symphysis (nearly 90°) it 
may be concluded that the jaw was broad and short. 
There are no vestiges of any alveolar cavities. 
2. The next well-marked fragment is a large portion of the articular head of the 
humerus. ‘The remains of the antero-posterior arc of the articular surface indicate that it 
formed the segment of a circle having a radius of 2'°8, and, in the transverse direction, 
of 2""7. The antero-posterior diameter of the head may therefore, in accordance with 
what obtains in the humerus of other Elephants, be regarded as nearly 6". 
In the table of measurements given by Cuvier * the diameter of the head of the 
humerus in an adult female Indian Elephant about 9 feet high (2™'76) is stated to be 
7-28 (0™185), and the length of the humerus 52-87 (0™-835); whilst in a young but 
well-grown African Elephant in the British Museum the corresponding measures are 
8" and 36"; in a still younger (but not very young) specimen of the Sumatran Elephant 
they are 5-2 and 28"-2; and in a very fine and perfect humerus of E. primigenius, in 
the British Museum, they are 73 and 32". According to these measurements the 
proportionate diameter of the head to the length of the entire humerus would stand in 
the respective cases as follows :— 
* Ossem. fossiles, 4™° éd. 1834, 8vo, tom. i. p. 504. 
