THREE EXTINCT SPECIES OF ELEPHANT. 295 
twelve or thirteen to the entire length of crown. The crown surface bears a very con- 
siderable degree of resemblance to that of the existing African Elephant, and greater 
probably than that presented by any other species, except certain varieties of Elephas 
antiquus. The dimensions are :— 
Theneth: Of CLOWN saccecses 0-00 PERRAS Te hsp sais ancien 4-4 
Width in front at fourth ridge .............cecee0. 1-4 
Greatest width of fourth ridge | ............cesseeeee 1:45 
Width ‘at eighth ridge ............0000+. Bae de tia 1:2 
Wradth, at last midge. ncnrestccnsannos sfelrs(ielelie sisiciesieisai Heil 
Height of crown at seventh ridge ............0..00 2°05 
‘There is a certain amount of retrofraction in the vertical direction of the last ridges, 
but less considerable than in fig. 13, and nothing approaching the fan-shaped divergence 
and horizontality of the hinder ridges of fig. 12. There is not the slightest indication 
of a disk of pressure anywhere upon the hind talon, the surface of which is perfectly 
preserved with its coating of cement from the fang upwards. This circumstance is of 
important significance in determining the tooth to have been the last true molar, as, 
considering its advanced stage of detrition, it is difficult to conceive that it could have 
been followed by an older tooth driving it forwards, without leaving the usual mark of 
pressure. It is further clear that the three specimens last described must have belonged 
to distinct individuals. 
“ Upper true molars.—The specimen represented in fig. 9 is a very finely preserved 
molar of the upper jaw, right side, complete in every respect, with the exception of the 
ends of the fangs, which are more or less broken. The crown is composed of nine prin- 
cipal ridges, together with a front and back talon. The anterior fang is distinctly present 
and supports the two front ridges and talon. The front talon, or what remains of it, 
appears to be composed of four minute digitations, the greater part of it having been 
ground away*. ‘The three anterior disks are transverse; the next five are only slightly 
worn, showing the tips of the digitations abraded into annular detached islands, or in 
three divisions. The anterior disk is expanded in the middle, and narrows at either side, 
presenting only two or three flexures in the enamel plate, without any crimping. The 
second and third are of nearly similar form with uncrimped enamel and narrowing at 
the sides. ‘he fourth, fifth, and sixth are each in three divisions; and the seventh and 
eighth only show the tips of the digitations worn across. ‘The enamel plates are deci- 
dedly thick for the size of the tooth}, and the ridges are very high relatively to the 
length. The layer of cement at the anterior end has been removed, and with it all 
appearance of a disk of pressure. The hind talon forms a gibbous projection beyond 
* The enamel cannot be said to be uncrimped, as it is decidedly crimped on the hinder edge of the anterior, 
and on both the anterior and posterior edges of the two succeeding macherides. 
+ They are not quite so thick as they are represented in the figure. 
