THREE EXTINCT SPECIES OF ELEPHANT. 299 
in £. antiquus the number is ten, and in E. primigenius and E. indicus it amounts to 
twelve. 
“(2) True molars.—Of the antepenultimate true molar (m. 1) there is no perfect speci- 
men in the collection*. But as in all the species of Elephant and Mastodon this tooth 
invariably repeats the composition of the last milk-molar, we have no difficulty in fixing 
the normal number of its ridges at eight, besides talons. In E. antiquus the number is 
ten, and in the Mammoth and Indian Elephant twelve. 
“Of the penultimate true molar (m. 2) there is no entire specimen of a lower tooth ; 
but we have the upper beautifully preserved, as shown in fig. 9 (vide note p. 296). It 
exhibits a crown distinctly composed of nine ridges, besides a front and hind talon, 
In the African Elephant the same tooth is commonly made up of nine ridges. In 
E. antiquus the normal number is twelve, while in EZ. primigenius and E. indicus it 
amounts to sixteen. 
“Of the last true molar (m. 3) there are fortunately specimens belonging to both the 
upper and lower jaws; and although the portion supported on the anterior fang is 
wanting in both, as that constantly corresponds in all the species of Elephant with what 
is borne upon the same fang of the penultimate, we have little difficulty in restoring the 
missing part of the teeth. 
“The upper molar exhibits the remains of ten ridges; and adding two for the part 
corresponding with the anterior fang, we get a complement of twelve ridges for the 
crown of the last molar. In the African Elephant the same tooth in the upper jaw 
ranges with from nine to ten ridges, and in the lower from nine to twelve. In E. anti- 
quus the number is sixteen ; and in H. primigenius the number of plates reaches twenty- 
four f. 
“From the above data the ridge-formula of the molar series is deduced to have been 
Milk-molars. True molars. 
34548 849412 
34548’ 849417 
This formula at once brings the small Zebbug species within the subgeneric group of 
the Elephants which I have called Lovodon, along with E. africanus. The affinity of 
the fossil to the existing species is further clearly indicated by the narrow crown and 
mesial expansion of the disks of wear, together with the point already alluded to of the 
milk-incisors being invested at the crown with alayer of enamel. But, though allied, the 
two forms are specifically very distinct. Besides the signal difference of size, the forms 
of the disks of wear, although belonging to a common pattern, present broad marks of 
distinction. In the African species the disks are angularly dilated into rhombs in the 
middle, and the angles terminate in a round loop caused by a single outlying digital 
element, which in the progress of abrasion becomes confluent with the disk of the ridge 
* Unless, as I believe, we may regard fig. 9 as such. 
t The numbers of plates were not filled in in Dr, Falconer’s MS. 
VOL. VI.—PART V. 
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