DR. J. MURIE ON THE ANATOMY OF THE SEA-LION. 551 
posteriorly impinging on what appears to represent a stylo-pharyngeus. In some of 
its aspects it agrees with the interhyoideus or hyokeratic and partly hyo-epiglottic 
muscle of Cetaceans. 
2. Vocal Passages, Respiratory Organs, and Glands. 
a. Cavities of Larynx and Trachea.—Figures 57 and 59 are devoted to an exposition 
of the interior of the larynx, showing it from above and in section. To these the following 
description specially applies. The free surface of the epiglottis is smooth, thick, short 
and heart-shaped, the posterior median depression rising into an elongated fold within the 
rima. The superior aperture of the larynx, 1 inch long, has a trefoil outline, the hinder 
longitudinal limb being the longest. The fissure is bounded laterally by two smooth 
rounded elastic eminences (fatty cushions surmounting the cartilages of Santorini), and 
continuously behind by the projecting, clothed portion of the arytenoid cartilages. Two 
elastic, membranous aryteno-epiglottic folds connect the epiglottis with the rearward 
rounded prominences; and outside these are wide and moderately deep reticular 
pouches. Behind and surrounding the parts in question are the inner longitudinal 
wavy plications of the pharynx and csophagus. ‘The laryngeal cavity itself is of 
moderate capacity. The ventricles anteriorly are well defined, but leave an open 
passage behind, which surface is dotted with mucous glands. Between the false and 
true vocal cords the narrow elliptical slit of the ventricle, which is directed obliquely 
backwards towards the pomum Adami, leads into a small flask-shaped sacculus or 
laryngeal pouch having a reversed direction, or towards the epiglottis. Besides a 
general converging of fatty tissue, the neck of the sacculus is surrounded by fibres of 
the thyro-arytenoidei, as above described. The smoother surface of the lower larynx is 
tumid to the cricoid, where it is slightly wider, diminishing gradually to the trachea. 
Before dissecting the intrinsic muscles and structures of the larynx, I examined and 
made diagrammatic outlines of the superior aperture in three different stages of tension, 
purposely comparing the same with the designs given by Czermak of the laryngoscopic 
appearances in the living human being. Consult fig. 58, where (1) a reduction shows that 
ordinarily the fissure is relatively narrower forwards than in man; when more opened (2), 
and even when forcibly distended (3), a similar condition is exhibited. In other respects 
the aperture, as a whole, presents considerable resemblances, whatsoever may be said of 
the widely different powers of vocalization, betwixt Homo and Otaria. As regards voice, 
this male animal had no soprano notes. Its more usual cry commenced with a liquid 
but guttural and tremulous tone, increasing in volume and terminating by a loud and 
deep-bass roar or growl. At other times, when pleased, or fondling with the keeper, 
Leconte, a shorter subdued grunting whine was emitted. Lastly, a quicker, shorter, 
and sharper-sounding call was issued, apparently as a note of surprise or intimation of 
apparent danger. What has been compared to the bleating of a sheep, by voyagers 
and others, in the young and female Eared Seals, is doubtless the above tremulous cry 
4q2 
