TKIBAL SUBDIVISIONS. XXXV 



at Tule Lake, the Nushalt/agakni or "Spring-people" near Bonanza, and 

 the Plalkni or "Uplanders" on Sprague River, at and above Yaneks. For- 

 merly the Modocs ranged as far west as Butte Lake (Na-uki) and Butte 

 Creek, in Siskiyou County, California, about sixteen miles west of Little 

 Klamath Lake, where they fished and dug the camass root. 



THE SNAKE INDIANS. 



A body of Snake Indians, numbering one hundred and forty -five indi- 

 viduals in 1888, is the only important fraction of native population foreign 

 to the Maklaks which now exists upon the reservation. They belong to 

 the extensive racial and linguistic family of the Shoshoni, and in 1864, when 

 the treaty was made, belonged to two chieftaincies, called, respectively, the 

 Yahooshkin and the Walpapi, intermingled with a few Payute Lidians. 

 They have been in some manner associated with the Maklaks for ages, though 

 a real friendship never existed, and they are always referred to by these with 

 a sort of contempt, and regarded as cruel, heartless, and filthy. This aver- 

 sion probably results from the difi'erence of language and the conflicting 

 interests resulting from both bodies having recourse to the same hunting- 

 grounds. (Cf. Sa't, sha't, Sha'tptchi.) They are at present settled in the 

 upper part of Sprague River Valley (P'lai) above Yaneks. They cultivate 

 the ground, live in willow lodges or log houses, and are gradually abandon- 

 ing their roaming proclivities. Before 1864 they were haunting the shores 

 of Goose Lake (Newapkshi), Silver Lake (Kalpshi), Warner Lake, Lake 

 Harney, and temporarily stayed in Surprise Valley, on Chewaukan and 

 Saikan Marshes, and gathered w6kash on Klamath Marsh. They now 

 intermarry with the Klamath Lidians. As to their customs, they do not 

 flatten their infants' heads,* do not pierce their noses; they wear the hair 

 long, and prefer the use of English to that of Chinook jargon. Before 

 settling on the reservation they did not subsist on roots and bulbs, but 

 lived almost entirely from the products of the chase. 



Among other allophylic Ifidians, once settled outside the present limits 

 of the Klamath Reservation, were a few Pit River and Shasti Indians, 



• By the Modocs they are called conical headed (wakwilklish nu'sh gi'tko). 



