Xlviii ETHNOGRAPHIC SKETCH. 



kaui ? who? rtiid kat who, pron. rel. As a suffix -ka, -ga is t'onuing factitive 

 verbs and is of great frequency (cf Part I, pp. 341, 342); ka-a, ka-a, ka 

 is adverb: f/reatly, strongly, very. 



kli-i and similar forms are serving to deny statements and to form 

 negative and privative compounds. In Shoshoni dialects g'ai, k;i, kats, 

 karn-u, etc., stand for no! in Zuni kwa is the real negative particle, like 

 akai! )io.' in Tonkawe. In Kwakiutl no! is kets and kie; in Paul kaki; it 

 also occurs in some northern dialects of Algonkin as ka, kavvine etc. In 

 Klamath ka-i is no! and not; it composes kiya to lie and such words as are 

 mentioned in Grammar, p. 633; cf. also p. 644. In some of the Maskoki 

 dialects -ko, -go, -ku is the privative particle in adjectives and verbs. 



mi is a pronominal demonstrative radix, like nu, ni, and also serves to 

 express personal and possessive pronouns. In Creek ma that points to dis- 

 tant objects and also forms ista'mat who (interrogative). In many western 

 families it expresses the second person: in Mutsun dialects men is thou, in 

 Miwok mi; in Wintiin mi, me is thou, met thine, thy: in Maidu mi is thou, 

 mimem ye, mo'm, mi'i-um that one ; in Yuki meh, mi is thou and in Pomo ma 

 is ye (me this); in Ara and Sahaptin mi is transposed into im, thou. Shasti 

 has mayi and Pit River mill, mi for thou; Sahaptin im, imk thou, ima, imak 

 ye. In Klamath mi stands for thy, thine, mish for thee, to thee, but i for thou ; 

 -ma is a verbal suffix, q. v. There are languages where mi, ma makes up 

 'the radix for the first person and not for the second, as Sioux and Hidatsa 

 of the Dakotan family; while in the Shoshoni dialects thou is omi, umi, um, 

 era, etc., and in Yuma ma-a, ma. In the Nez Percd of Sahaptin ma is the 

 interrogative pronoun whof and tvhichf and also forms plurals when suf- 

 fixed to nouns. 



liakR, the Kl. term for cinnamon bear, prol>ably related to nakish sole, 

 as the bears are Plantiyradce, has many parallels in American languages. 

 The Yuma dialects have nagoa hear in HuaLipai, nakatya, nogudia in Tonto; 

 Y6kat has noh6ho hear, Alikwa nikwi;^ yyi'^^ly hear. If the yaka of Sahaptin 

 is from nyaka, it belongs here also. East of Mississippi River there is only 

 one species of the bear, the tdaek bear. The radix nak-, iiok- occurs in the 

 Tonica language nnkushi, and in tlie Maskoki dialects: n(')k'husi in (Jreek, 

 H6;(usi in Hitchiti, but nikta in Alibainu. 



