1 ETHNOGRAPHIC SKETCH. 



Wintun dialects, sii^ in Yuki, sit, si-it in Mutsun (coast dialects), sa in 

 Santa Barbara, tchawa in some dialects of Maidu. It is justifiable to regard 

 Kl. shum as an ancient possessive case of the si, sa tooth of Central Califor- 

 nian languages; cf. what is said concerning the suffix -ini. 



tut tooth appears related to tu^t tooth of Sayusla, a dialect of Yakwina 

 and also to tit of the Sahaptin dialects; ititi "his tooth" in Walawala. 



tclll-, tsi- is a radical often used on the Pacific coast referring to 

 water or liquids, their motions, and the acts performed with or within the 

 watery element. While in Klamath it figures as a prefix only, q. v., other 

 tongues make use of it as a radical. Tchi is water in Y'iikwina, in Takflma, 

 and in tlie Yuchi of the Savannah River; in Zuni 'tchawe is water ('t alve- 

 olar) in Noja tchi'idshe. The Sahaptin dialects show it in Warm Spring 

 tchii'sh water, ata=tchash ocean; in Klikatat tchawas tvater, atii=tchis ocean, 

 tchawat to drini; ; while in Nez- Perce tchii'sh changes to ki'ish. Chinook 

 has 'Itchukwa ivater, Ch. J. salt-tchuk ocean, but the Selish languages employ 

 a I'adix se-n'l, si-u'l, sh;'i-u instead to designate any liquid. 



wa to exist, live, to he within, and to grow or generate is a radix to be 

 traced in many of the Western tongues. In Klamath we refer to wa and 

 its numerous derivatives, as waw/ipka to sit or he on the ground, wa-ish pro- 

 ductive, wa-ishi, wewanuish, Ave'k arm and limh of tree, lit. "what is growing 

 upon," we'ka offspring, wekala, wash hole to live in, wa'shla (a) to dig a hur- 

 row, (b) ground-squirrel, and many othei's. In Kwakiutl wats, wiitsa is dog, 

 but originally "living being, animal," and is represented in Klamath by 

 w^^h prairie-wolf , watch horse, watchaga dog, lit. "little animal," the idea of 

 "domesticated" or "belonging to man" to be supplied. In Chinook tlu; 

 suffix -uks (for -waks) points to living beings also. The Sahaptin languages 

 show this root in wash to he, exist, in Nez Perc^ wa^osh alive, watash ^j^ace, 

 field, earth, in Yakima wak^ash living, and in other terms. 



AFFINITIES IN WESTERN LANGrAGES. 



Many of the Western families exhibit but little or no affinity in their 

 lexicon with the Klamath language, the reason being undoubtedly that they 

 are but little explored. Thus in Mutsun a single term only was found to 

 correspond: tchiiya shallow hasM in the dialect of Soledad; cf tcln'da and 



