THE KLAMATH A SEPARATE FAMILY., Iv 



Of agreements in the morphologic part of grammar we notice consid- 

 erable analogy in the inflection of the Sahaptin substantive with its numer- 

 ous case forms : 



Reduplication for inflectional purposes is syllabic also, but not so gen- 

 erally in use as in Klamath; Nez Perce tayits good, abbr. ta'hs; plur. tita'hs. 



Kl. -kni, ending of adj. "coming from;" -pkinih, subst. case, /row* / 

 init house, initpkinih /row a house, in Nez Perce. 



p- prefix forms most names of relationship : pika mother, piap elder 

 brother, pet sister ; -p as suffix appears in Nez Perce as^ap younger brother, 

 asip sister (I'sip Walawala). The prefix pi- forms reciprocal verbs ; hak-, 

 hah-, radix of verb to see, forms pihaksih to see each other. 



Kl. -na is transitional case-suffix; cf Nez Perc^ kina here, from pron. 



ki this. 



CONCLUSIONS. 



The conclusions which can be drawn with some degree of safety from 

 the above linguistic data and some mythologic facts, concerning the pre- 

 historic condition of the people which occupies our attention, are not unim- 

 portant, and may be expressed as follows: 



Although it is often a difficult matter to distinguish the loan words in 

 the above lists from the words resting upon ancient affinity, the table shows 

 that the real loan-words of the Maklaks were borrowed from vicinal tribes 

 only, as the Shasti, and that those which they hold in common with other 

 tribes more probably rest on a stock of words common to both, as the pro- 

 nominal roots. The affinity with Maidu appears more considerable than 

 that with other Californian tribes only because the Maidu dialects have 

 been studied more thoroughly. Scarcely any affinity is traceable with the 

 coast dialects of Oregon and California, and none with the Tinue dialects, 

 though the Umpkwa and Rogue River Indians lived in settlements almost 

 conterminous with those of the Maklaks. The latter were acquainted with 

 the Pacific Ocean only by hearsay, for they have no original word for salt 

 or tide, nor for any of the larger salt-water fish or mammals, and their term 

 for sea is a compound and not a simple word: muni e'-ush ''great water-sheet," 

 just as the Peruvians of the mountains call the ocean "mother-lake," mama= 

 cocha. The scanty knowledge of the sea, which was scarcely one hundred 



